Volume 11, Issue 2, February 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Effect of Differentiated Service Delivery Model On Preconception and Antenatal Care Among Women Living with HIV in Western Kenya []


The differentiated care model (differentiated service delivery), is a client-centered strategy that streamlines and customizes HIV services throughout the clinical cascade. differentiated service delivery captures the desires and aspirations of different populations of HIV-positive people. Since its introduction, women of reproductive age enrolled in care have had one-on-one clinical reviews at most twice in a year. This, however, varies their use of various sexual and reproductive health services like contraception, pregnancy intention assessment, and antenatal clinic attendance, since sexual and reproductive health services are not incorporated in this model. We investigated the effect of differentiated care on preconception and antenatal care among women of reproductive age living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral treatment in Kisumu County. Data from 369 patient records at the comprehensive care and antenatal care clinics of the county's four primary healthcare facilities was retrieved for this retrospective longitudinal study. Data analysis was done on SPSS (v. 23) using descriptive and inferential statistics (α = 0.05. Differentiated service delivery had an impact on pregnancy intention, as those who went for an ART refill after 6 months were 0.45 times less likely to intend pregnancy compared to those who went after 3 months (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.26-0.77, p = 0.003). Facility-based clients were 1.44 times more likely to get preconception care than those who were community-based (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.2-2.98, p = 0.043). Having sessions led by a nurse or a clinical officer raised the likelihood of partner involvement during ANC by 2.41 (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.16-6.06, p = 0.025) and 3.96 (OR 3.96, 95% CI 1.42-11.01, p = 0.008) times, respectively, compared to those led by a community health worker. Women who returned for Anti Retro Viral Therapy refill after 6 months were less likely to have good focused antenatal care uptake than those who returned every 3 months (OR, 0.49, 95% CI, 0.29-0.8, p = 0.012). Differentiated care affects pregnancy intention, preconception care, partner involvement, and focused antenatal uptake. The Ministry of Health should include mechanisms that promote pregnancy intention and ensure sufficient preconception care for both stable and unstable clients, and for facility-based and community-based clients. Key words: differentiated, model, preconception, women, western Kenya

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 3M (MORAL-MENTAL-MOTIVATION) DISCIPLINE CHARACTER BUILDING TRAINING PROGRAM: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH (A CASE STUDY AT PT. GUNUNG SEJAHTERA DUA INDAH, ASTRA AGRO LESTARI TBK.) []


PT. Astra Agro Lestari has an idea in the form of a character-building training program called the 3M (Moral – Mental – Motivation) discipline. The 3M discipline program is a systematic and ongoing program designed to assist companies in implementing a culture of discipline in their work environment. The disciplinary culture in question includes moral, mental, and motivational aspects or what is known as the abbreviation 3M. This 3M discipline program was made in response to the disciplinary crisis that happened in PT. Astra Agro Lestari throughout 2017. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of the 3M (Moral-Mental-Motivation) Discipline Character Building Training Program in the case study of PT. Gunung Sejahera Dua Indah (GSDI), Astra Agro Lestari Tbk. In addition to the conceptual framework, this paper has explained the research background, literature review, and research methodology. The application of this paper will establish recommendations for developing effective policies in terms of character building in PT. Astra Agro Lestari Tbk.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIGITAL BANKING PROJECT OUTPUTS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A CASHLESS ECONOMY IN RWANDA. []


ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to examine contribution of banking project outputs on the implementation of cashless economy in Rwanda; specific objectives to analyze the banking project outputs in cashless economy implementation, to assess the level of cashless economy implementation in Rwanda and to determine the relationship between banking project outputs and Rwandan cashless economy implementation. This research will verify the following hypothesis of the research: H0. There is no relationship between digital banking and cashless economy implementation in Rwanda and H1. There is a relationship between digital banking and cashless economy implementation in Rwanda. The research used a descriptive research design, the data collection instruments was questionnaire, interview and documentary and analyzed through regression analysis. Results revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between ATMs & plastic card project outputs and cashless economy (r= 0.923, p value<0.05). This implies that a unit change in the ATMs & plastic card project outputs increase cashless economy by 92.3%. Secondly, there was a positive significant relationship between Telephone and M-Banking project outputs and cashless economy (r= 0.960, p value <0.05). This implies that a unit change in Telephone and M-Banking project outputs Projects increase cashless economy by 96.0%. Thirdly, there was a positive significant relationship between POS project outputs and cashless economy (r= 0.945, p value <0.05). This implies that a unit change in POS project outputs increases cashless economy by 94.5%. Lastly, there was a positive and significant relationship between Internet banking project outputs and cashless economy (r= 0.981, p value <0.05). This implies that a unit change in Internet banking project outputs increase cashless economy by 98.1%. In the research, the first hypothesis said that ATMs & plastic card project outputs has no significant effect on implementation of cashless economy, second hypothesis said that Telephone and M-Banking project outputs Projects has no a significant effect on implementation of cashless economy, the third hypothesis said that Internet banking project outputs has no significant effect on implementation of cashless economy; therefore since the t-values were greater than 0.05 the researcher rejected all hypothesis of the research as it has been revealed that ATMs & plastic card project outputs, Telephone and M-Banking project outputs Projects and internet banking project output contribute to implementation of cashless economy in Rwanda . The results revealed that BK Plc offers cashless system services to customers such as debit and credit cards, cashless system services fund transfer, mobile banking, internet banking and swift and indicated by respondents, the respondents also indicated that they are satisfied with the cashless system services offered by the BK Plc. This is supported by the fact that, research indicated that there is a strong relationship between cashless system services banking service and profitability in Bank of Kigali. Based on the result of the research researcher conclude that the objectives of the research were achieved because the research revealed that the digital projects output of Bank of Kigali contribute to the cashless economy implementation in Rwanda. Based on the findings of this research, the research suggests Bank of Kigali to improve its services as a number of respondents indicates that they are not satisfied with the use of ATM because of frequent time out

IMPACT OF RELATIONAL RESOURCES ON LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE OF PAKISTAN'S 3PL COMPANIES: LOGISTICS INNOVATION CAPABILITY AS A MODERATOR []


Drawing on the idea of the resource-based view, this paper examines the relationships between relational resources, innovation capability, and logistics performance in the third-party logistics (3PL) sector. Based on data collected from 3PL providers in Pakistan, this study adopts the approach of structural equation modeling to examine the hypothesized relationships among relational resources, innovation capability and Logistics performance. This research adds to the existing body of literature by examining the influences of relational resources/ cooperative relationships on logistics service performance via the moderating mechanism of logistics innovation capability. This study aims to extend its scope in so many ways. In numerous respects, this research aimed to add to the body of existing literature.

AN EFFECTIVE PARTIAL DISCHARGE DETECTION IN NATIONAL GRID NETWORK USING DEEP LEARNING APPROACH []


Partial discharge (PD) is a common method for detecting faults in power equipment like generators and cables. These faults often result in power outages and costly repairs. The traditional method for detecting PD relied on field workers to identify specific pulses in the equipment using their expertise and hand-crafted features, particularly in rural areas. This research project aimed to predict partial discharge occurrences based on a ten-year manual record of field workers' observations of 200 transformers in a 33/0.415kv distribution line and 56 transformers in an 11/0.415kv distribution line in a rural area. The researchers used a novel approach that involved transforming non-image data into image maps and used parallel convolutional neural networks to classify partial discharge occurrence best. This research offers two key contributions: first, it provides a fast and efficient way to extract features and detect PD by transforming non-image data into image maps. Second, it provides interpretability of the results for new domain experts by identifying the immediate record, which could lead to the detection of PD in an area. The performance was evaluated using binary classification metrics such as confusion matrix, accuracy score, and F1-score.

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF RWANDA’S BANKING SECTOR. []


The objective of this research project was to investigate the effect of customer relationship management and competitive advantage of Rwanda’s Banking sector. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for the purposes of this study was the staff of Equity Bank Rwanda. To achieve the goal of this research, there are associated specific objectives; the researcher firstly aims to make sure and outline the main effect customer relationship management strategy on competitive advantages of Rwanda’s banking Sector. Secondly, the researcher intends to provide and analyze key strategies banks putted in place to enhance customer relationship management. Thirdly, the investigator aims to assess the relationship between customer relationship management s and competitive advantage of Rwanda banker’s sector. Fourthly the research used the various theories of customer relationship Management, customer Acquisition and competitive advantages, theory of customer retention, loyalty, and theory of competitive advantage as well. Key findings, Most businesses responded to challenges by concentrating on customer needs and upholding to maintain strong customer relationships, Finally, the researcher expects to suggest recommendations on how customer relationship management can contribute to the performance of Rwanda’s Banking sector. The study used a descriptive case study research design. The researcher identified one hundred and seventeen (117) Staff of Equity Bank Rwanda as the target population. The respondents are grouped into heads of departments, Managers of Units, Service champions, others ordinal staff; the researcher used of both primary and secondary data collection methods to collect data. The questionnaires and interviews used as data collection instruments. For data processing, the researcher used editing, coding, classification, and tabulation. For qualitative, the researcher used HubSpot as feedback tool that provides detailed analytics for surveys and customer reviews including charts and graphs summarizing customers' responses while for quantitative, the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), has been used to process the statistical data. Then after analyzing the data, researcher drawn conclusion and the recommendation for the stakeholders, the concerned actors, and the future researchers.

Credit Risk Management and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Nepal []


This study has examined the effect of credit risk on financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal. The descriptive and causal comparative research designs have been adopted for the study. The pooled data of 14 commercial banks for the period 2017/18 to 2021/22 have been analyzed using regression model. The regression results revealed that bank size has significant negative effect on bank performance whereas capital adequacy ratio has insignificant but positive effect on bank performance. Credit to deposit ratio is considered as the influencing variables on bank performance. In addition to credit risk indicators, non-performing loan ratio has insignificant and negative effect on bank performance. This study concludes that Nepalese commercial banks need to implement proper credit risk management, boost their efficiency in credit analysis and loan management, and better safeguard their assets in order to reduce the high incidence of credit to deposit ratio along with other determining variables and their negative effects on financial performance.

PARENT’S INVOLVEMENT AND STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE []


The foundation of the parent's involvement in their child's education is essential. This study aimed to determine parents' significance and influence on their children's academic performance. It sought to determine the respondent's level of involvement in the distribution of the module, answering the module, and submission of the module. To the level of academic performance shown in the General Weighted Average (GWA). It was conducted to the parents of one hundred fifty-six (156) pupils and the pupils of Igpit Elementary School for the School Year 2021-2022. The instrument used to gather data was tested and validated by a reliability test of Cronbach's Alpha with a score of 0.87, which is Good. This study utilized a descriptive method with a quantitative research design. Descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were the statistical tools used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the parent was mostly involved in the distribution of the module, answering the module, and submission of the module. The academic performance of the learners was revealed Very Satisfactory. This is a significant relationship between parent involvement. Thus, the null hypothesis of no significant relationship is rejected. It is recommended that School Heads and teachers should develop an academic program that may help assist the parents. To boost academic performance and maintain a positive relation-ship, teachers should implement more concepts and methods for communicating with parents.

ANALYSIS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION THE LEARNING PROCESS TO IMPROVE THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF LECTURERS AT THE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS JAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY []


This study aims to: (1) To determine the professional competence of lecturers at the Faculty of Economics, Jakarta State University based on the results of monitoring and evaluation of lecturers in semester 116; (2) To find out the efforts of the faculty to improve the professional competence of lecturers at the Faculty of Economics, Jakarta State University; (3) To find out the implications of implementing monitoring and evaluating the learning process for increasing the professional competence of lecturers at the Faculty of Economics, Jakarta State University. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods with data collection techniques of interviews, observation, and documentation. Where the focus of this research lies in monitoring and evaluating the ongoing process of implementing learning at Jakarta State University, especially at the Faculty of Economics and the professional competence of lecturers. The results of this study are: (1) If seen from the results of the 116th semester monitoring and evaluation on point 10 the results are not good, while in terms of background the lecturers should already have above average professional competence; (2) The Faculty has made efforts to hold several programs, including funding; (3) The implication of carrying out this monitoring and evaluation is as material for lecturer introspection.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN RWANDA: A CASE OF SULFO RWANDA INDUSTRIES LTD []


The study entitled Project management practices and performance of manufacturing companies in Rwanda: a case of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd . The general objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of project management practices on the performance of manufacturing companies in Rwanda, mainly Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd. The specific objectives of the research are; to determine effect of project management practices on ROA of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd; to examine effect of project management practices on ROE of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd; to examine the effect of project management practices on NPM of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd and to find out the effect of project management practices on sales of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd. The study is guided by three main theories namely; Systems Theory; Prospect Theory and Theory of Constraints. The study used survey research design such as descriptive research design and explanatory survey research. The target population is 101 respondents of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd . In order to collect, present, analyze and interpret data the researcher used questionnaires and finally the study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as multiple linear regression model. Based on the findings, the study concluded that the combination of all four independent variable such as project communication management; project risk management, project scope management and project cost management contribute to 60.84% of the ROA of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd as represented by the R 2 captured by the study model and at confidence level of 95%. Based on the findings, the study concluded that the combination of all four independent variable such as project communication management; project risk management, project scope management and project cost management contribute to 53.3% of variances in ROE of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd as represented by the R 2 captured by the study model and at confidence level of 95%. Based on the findings, the study concluded that the combination of all four independent variable such as project communication management; project risk management, project scope management and project cost management contribute to nearly 57.1% of the total variations of NPM of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd as represented by the R 2 captured by the study model and at confidence level of 95%. Based on the findings, the study concluded that the combination of all four independent variable such as project communication management; project risk management, project scope management and project cost management contribute to nearly explain 63.7% of the variations in the sales of Sulfo-Rwanda Industries Ltd as represented by the R 2 captured by the study model and at confidence level of 95%. The study recommends that management of Sulfo-Rwanda Industries Ltd and policy makers should develop measures to foster utilization of project risk identification practices to achieve significant road construction project performance.

AN EXTENDED MODEL FOR PREDICTING COVID-19 PANDEMIC VICTIMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE []


Artificial Intelligence technologies have demonstrated the potential to tackle and contain this disease. Research findings continues to reveal a gap for real time monitoring of the COVID-19 patients triggering unveiling lack of technologies like AI integration for predicting victims or similar plague. This study aims at designing an extended model for predicting COVID-19 victims using artificial intelligence by assessing the applications of Artificial intelligence technologies in COVID-19 pandemic timely response, finding current Artificial Intelligence technologies used in fighting COVID-19 and proposing a model for predicting outbreak’s victims using artificial intelligence. Researcher used the population of Kigali International Airport Command Post made of 50 task force due to the small number for sampling. Researcher formulate and pilot a questionnaire, which will serve to collect data relevant to all objectives of this study. The study presented an assortment of findings start with demographic findings. A great number (52%) of the respondents employed in this study were female and most of them (64%) were in middle age between 29-39 years old. The percentage of 66% had a bachelor degree. Different models have been used in predicting COVID-19. They mainly extract 3D features from the segmented 3D lung region using CT images. The obtained volumes were fed into the proposed DeCoVNet (3D deep Graphical processing unit to Detect COVID-19). The researcher has designed the model for predicting Covid-19 pandemic victims using artificial intelligence. The researcher used different methods to design the model. Many applications have been developed using Machine Learning in various fields such as healthcare, banking, military equipment, space etc. The model simulation indicated how the procedure of predicting Covid-19 pandemic victims using artificial intelligence was done. The dataset that was used to train the model to predict COVID-19 was gathered from an open source data shared by RBC/Airport Command Post. The data set contained information about patients with COVID-19 and these data have been used to train the model. Furthermore, the dataset that was used to train the model to predict COVID-19 was gathered from an open source data shared by RBC/Airport Command Post, which contained information about patients with COVID-19 positive and these data have been used to train the model. The study also recommend using model for predicting covid-19 pandemic victims using artificial intelligence.

Every pain gives a lesson, and every lesson changes a person []


This article is about the most famous quote " Every pain has lesson and every lesson changes the people". Why pain is important in life ? What pain teaches us ?? I explained this kind of question in my article. Hope you like it

“From Quarter to crisis, to Quarter past crisis: A Postcolonial Reading of Blossom N. Fondo, Peter Suh-Nfor Tangyie, Joshua Akemecha and Mbuh Tenu Mbuh and Hans Nyaa’s selected poems” []


Abstract The disruptive nature of postcolonial societies and the utopias created due to conflicts continue to be an important loci in postcolonial discourse and postcolonial poetry in particular. Admittedly, postcolonial societies have become arenas of conflicts that seem to have overdue their stay because they in one way or the other point to the cautions that unfold before the crisis and the outcomes of the crisis that seemingly occlude the position of peace. The quarter to crisis is illustrated by the selected poets’ concern to establish how the accumulation of crisis illuminates a broader set of casualties. The quarter past crisis in itself points to the ways in which the crisis is lived against the backdrop of habitual intimateness. In this present dispensation, the quarter to crisis and the quarter past crisis are in a fueling continuum that regenerate each of the variables with a similar coherent chronology. It is against this backdrop that this paper importantly examines the ways in which contemporary poets like Fondo, Tangyie, Akemecha, Mbuh and Nyaa in their selected poems re-visit the extent to which the disruption of spatial time has led to a rupture in the daily of postcolonial denizens. The discussions in this paper borrow from the concepts of unbalanced power dynamics and displacement. Key Terms: postcolonial poetry, crisis, displacement, home, trauma,

FUEL CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN SYNGAS FUEL COMBUS-TION ENGINES WITH PURE OXYGEN AGENT GAS []


Gasification is a process of converting carbon-containing compounds to convert both liquid and solid materials into combustible gaseous fuels through a combustion process with limited air supply. The biomass gasification process in this study used horse manure which is livestock waste with a gas agent in the form of pure oxygen. The gasification reactor used in this study has a reactor diameter of 600 mm and a reactor height of 1500 mm. The research was carried out using the thermal decomposition method in which the gaseous agent used was pure oxygen with various flow rates (10, 15, 20 and 30 l/min). Next will be examined the effect of air flow rate in the gasification process on fuel consumption, seen from the engine speed of 1500, 2500, 3500 and 4500 rpm. The results of the research that has been done show that with the increasing flow rate of the gas agent, the resulting fuel consumption increases by an average of 18.9%, at the same engine speed. This happened more because the calorific value of the resulting syngas decreased by an average of 15.28%. Likewise, the greater the agent gas flow rate, the SFCE experienced an average increase of 19.75% for various variations of engine speed.

Factors Associated With Cesarean Delivery Trends At A Large Referral Hospital In Western Kenya []


Caesarean section (CS) is an important life-saving surgical procedure for pregnant women. The procedure is on the rise globally and this has elicited debate on its use, importance and justifications. In 2015, a KDHIS report indicated Kenya CS rate at 9%, with Kisumu County recording 4% which is below the WHO recommended rate of 5% to 15%. This descriptive study investigated the level of CS and factors that influence its indication at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (JOOTRH) in Kisumu County. Stratified sampling was used to select a sample of 385 files from the JOOTRH records department, from which data was extracted using a pre-designed form. Participant characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics, and further inferential analysis done using Chi-square to detect association between various variables with indication for CS delivery, using SPSS v23 (α=0.05). The average CS rate for the period of the study was 19%, lowest in the 2013 (16.87%) and highest in year 2020 (21.63%). Of the demographic factors, only education (p= 0.018), employment (0.015), and mode of payment for CS (0.048) were significantly associated with CS indication. This study found no significant role for general medical history (p = 0.163), ANC attendance (p = 0.413), but a strong association with obstetric factors (p < 0.001), the greatest being a previous CS scar (31.4%). The findings of this study thus present evidence of increased CS rate, and identifies some associated factors. Kisumu County Ministry of Health should come up with polices and guidelines on how to control the increase of CS rate at JOOTRH, while strengthening good referral practices that will allow most deliveries at lower-level facilities across the county, which could be emulated in other parts of the country and beyond. This may include policies and guidelines on trial of labour after caesarean section and vaginal birth after caesarean section.

EXAMINING STRATEGIC HRM PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE IN MADAYN ACADEMY []


This study dealt with the examination of strategic human resource management practices and their effects on organizational development and performance at Al Madayn Academy. Although there is no conclusive message about examining HRM practices and their impact on organizational development and performance, the current literature has documented a lot of evidence, which is worth reviewing and may generate inspiration for future research. The study was applied to a sample of 38 employees, out of a study population of 50 employees. The researcher relied on the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection, and used the Excel program for analyzing the responses. The study concluded through the analysis of the results that the order of dimensions of human resources management practices had an impact on organizational development among employees in Madayn Academy as follows: Training and development in the first place, followed by recruitment and selection and then evaluating the performance in terms of impact on organizational development and performance. There is a positive correlation between strategic HRM practices and organizational development and performance. In light of these results, the study recommended several recommendations: Try to adopt the concept of organizational development more broadly, which will return to the company with positive results at the long level. Promote interest in strategic human resource management practices because of their clear impact on organizational development and performance. Ensure the selection of experienced workers. Keywords: HRM, Organizational Development, Madayn, Oman, Recruitment, Performance, and Training Development.

Assessment of nutritional security, utilization of locally available foods and knowledge on balanced diet: “The evidence from Songwe region in the Southern highlands of Tanzania []


The present study assess the gap in nutritional security knowledge by looking on some set indicators such as knowledge on balanced diet, food utilization habit and presence of home garden as a cheap and easy access to nutritious food at household level. A quota sampling technique was used to obtain 12 villages out of 18 within the Songwe District. A sample size of 456 households was obtained using systematic random sampling method. Both structures questionnaire and cheque list were used to gather information on food utilization habit, knowledge on balanced diet availability of home garden. About 57.7% of the interviewed households’ representative was female and 42.3% male. Level of knowledge on balanced diet indicated 16% scored excellent, 12.7% good, 23% average, 15.8% poor and 32.5% failed based on the Likert scale of 1-5 (Fig. 1). It was also found that there is limited vegetable home garden and fruit trees which could make nutritious food affordable and accessible at household level as indicated in Table 2 &4 below. There is also inadequate consumption of vegetable and fruits as nutritionally enriched foods among the surveyed households as shown in Table 3 and 5.

EFFECTS OF SUPPLY CHAIN RISK ON LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE HAVING MODERATING IMPACT OF SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE IN COURIER INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN []


In today's increasingly globalized and competitive business environment, supply chain uncertainty has globally impacted on the overall business, especially logistics performance. The study investigates the effects of supply chain risk on logistics performance. The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study on the supply chain risk (SCR) impact on logistics performance (LP) in courier industry of Pakistan. The three main components of supply chain risk discussed in this paper are risk form company side, customer side, and environmental side risk. The paper presents supply chain resilience elements of robustness (RB), flexibility (FX) and agility (AG) for mitigating supply chain risks. The study focuses on the connections between supply chain risk and logistics performance. By realistically analyzing survey data, the partial least squares (PLS SEM) approach for structural equation modeling is employed to validate the study model. The empirical findings show the significant relationship between supply chain risk and logistics performance and no significant relationship found between supply chain robustness and logistics performance.

ENVIRONNEMENT DE L’ÉCONOMIE INTERNATIONALE []


Résumé Notre étude examine certaines formes du système économique qui seront ensuite suivies d'une discussion sur ce qu'est le marché. Elle présente diverses questions économiques créant des échanges régionaux et de marché libre-échange. Elle termine par une description de la nouvelle économie mondiale. Abstract Our study examines some forms of the economic system which will then be followed by a discussion of what the market is. It presents various economic issues creating regional trade and free trade market. It ends with a description of the new global economy. Key words: International economy environment, Economic system, Market, Regional exchange, Free-trade market, New world economy.