Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2018 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication


INJURY PATTERN AMONG ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT VICTIMS: ADO- EKITI AS CASE STUDY []


This paper studies the characteristics of victims of road traffic accidents in Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria. Reports from hospital records were analyzed to obtain the accident characteristics. A total of 1,141 cases were analyzed. There were 802 (70.4%) males, 332 (29.1%) females while the sexes of six were not stated. About 24 (2.1%) of victims died while 11 (1%) refused treatment. A total of 272 (23.8%) were admitted into hospital for treatment while 42 (3.7%) were referred to more equipped hospitals due to the seriousness of their cases. 51 (18.2%) of the number had head injury, 79 (28.1%) had bone injury while 54 (19.2%) had deep cuts. Others had mild bruises. This results show that the characteristic injuries depict some area of concern important for health and safety design measures by road agencies and the need for a review of the approach to implementing traffic regulations.

POWERS, RIGHTS & DUTIES OF COMPANY DIRECTORS: THE CASE OF BANGLADESH,CHINA & UK []


This article carries out analysis of the Bangladesh Company Law, Chinese Company Law and UK Company law’s relating to powers, rights and duties of directors. It provides an overview of the Bangladesh, China and UK Companie’s directors’ power, right and role or duties with company law. It also looks at powers, rights and duties in relation to company’s directors. The article moves on to examine the consequences of the activity of directors in a company. This article contents more sub topics likes powers, rights & duties of directors in China, chairperson of the board, chairing the shareholder’s general meeting, convening and chairing board meeting, examining the management team’s implementation of board resolutions, duties of directors. The powers, rights & duties of directors in UK, the decisions which must be made by a resolution of the members, directors' decisions that need members' consent. The powers, rights & duties of directors in Bangladesh, restrictions on power of directors and restriction on Managing Director, If we see the powers, rights and duties of directors in companies that are not same Chinese to other countries. Bangladesh, China and UK company law are provides more information about power, rights and duties of directors, here Uk and Bangladesh company law all most same but Chinese company law is more different from its.

EFFECTS OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT ON COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN GOMBE CITY, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA []


Road transportation and commercial activities, particularly in developing world continuous to be among the crucial issues of global change in the 21st century affecting the physical dimension of cities. As such, the paper examines the effects of road transport development on commercial activities in Gombe City. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, road maps of Gombe Metropolis of 1996, 2005 and 2014 were acquired to determine the changes in road network development using alpha, beta and gamma indices and 282 copies of questionnaire were distributed to assess the effects of road transport development on commercial activities in the study area. The results of the computation of gamma: 56.9%, 57.9% and 60.0%, beta: 1.61, 1.70 and 1.80 and alpha 31.3%, 35.3% and 38.9% indices suggested that there is a significant increase in road connectivity in Gombe Metropolis from 1996 through to 2005 and 2014. Questionnaire results further revealed 93% of the respondent indicated that improvement in road network affects commercial activities in many ways which include; provision of access to commercial outfits which bring about profit by locating along major roads, junctions and roundabouts which in turn result to increase in income, improvement in standard of living and reduction in poverty. It is therefore, concluded that road transport development dictate the pattern of urban commercial outfits and also affects commercial activities positively. The study discovered the importance of road transport infrastructure to the improvement of commercial activities in the study area. It is consequently, recommended that more roads should be constructed, renovated and expanded in order to improve and diversify the commercial nature of Gombe Metropolis. The study further exposed that urban roads are given more priority in Gombe State. Thus, recommended that rural roads should be improved to harness the economic potentials in the state at large.

IMPACTS OF WOOD AND OTHER ACCESSORIES IN CONSTRUCTION []


The main purpose of this study is to find out the impact and the contemporary uses of wood and other accessories in the construction industry. Howbeit, wood is a natural material produced by the growth of plants, mainly trees and shrubs. Conversely, some people may refer to some places in the world as ‘wood’... For instance, South Dakota (town), county, Texas, County, West Virginia, Wisconsin, a town and county Wisconsin: wood could also refer to music; for instance wood wind instrument or wood, wood (Moxy Fryvous album); wood (widespread Panic album); also it could refer to wood Television (TV). One could see all disambiguation of wood from the standpoint.

DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF AGE AND GENDER FOR ACTUAL AND RECOGNITION THRESHOLD LEVELS ON GUSTATION MODALITY []


Sensory thresholds are associated with the level of stimuli strength which reaches to be consciously sensed. This study assesses the impact of age and gender in the alteration of actual and recognition threshold levels for sugar and salt taste modalities. Study was conducted according ISO 8589:2007 guidelines, while using a series of standard solutions. Responses were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed by multinomial regression using SPSS Statistical Software (α =0.05). Results revealed that age is negatively correlated (P<0.05) with both thresholds while gender was insignificant (P>0.05) for both gustation, that corroborate the detection and recognition of a tastant decline with the aging process. Ageing causes high declining of actual threshold level for sugar taste compared to the salt taste because degree of stimulating power of salt is more vigor than that of sugar. However, chemical energy of both constituents was less affective on the recognition threshold level.

ANALYSIS OF AQUACULTURE LAND CONVERSION IN CILEUNYI SUBDISTRICT OF BANDUNG DISTRICT, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA []


The increase in activity and population who are part of the development lead to competition and land use conflicts in terms of residential development, infrastructure and economic means. Sub-district of Cileunyi is a suburb area that becomes the target of conversion because it has a lot of unbuilt land such as ponds of aquaculture farms. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of fishery cultivation business and analyze the rate of conversion of aquaculture field in sub-district of Cileunyi along with the factors that influence it. The research using survey method, and logistic regression model analysis. The result of the research shows that the conversion of aquaculture land in Cileunyi sub-district progressively occurred in the period of 2009 to 2014 with an average conversion rate of 26,49% per year and the factors that are predicted to influence the decision of the farmer in converting the aquaculture land such as size land area, productivity, profit, and selling price of land, based on the results of research using logistic regression analysis model simultaneously.

COMPARISON OF INTRAPERITONEAL IN-STILLATION & PERINCISIONAL INFILTRATION OF BUPIVACAINE DURING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY ON POST OPERATIVE PAIN []


Objectives:To determine the efficacy of combined intraperitoneal instillation and perincisional infiltration of 0.5% bupivacaine in term of frequency of pain following laparoscopic cholecystec-tomy.Study design:Randomized Controlled Trial.Place and duration of study Department of Surgery, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi from 4th December 2012 to 4th June 2013.Patients andMethods:100 adult patients of either gender, planned for laparoscopic cholecystectomy for Cholelithiasis were included.The clinical & demographic variables were laid down. 50 patients each were allocated to two groups. Group I (The treatment Group) received 20 ml Bupivacaine solution ( in a dose of 4mg/kg body weight) instilled in the right sub diaphragmatic space and another 20 ml infiltrated into the port sites, 6 ml infiltrated through the abdominal wall around each midline port site and 4 ml administered at the lateral port sites. Group II (The Control Group) received no treatment. Patients were assessed for pain relief at 06 hours post surgery. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables and frequency with percentages for qualitative data. Independent sample t-test was used to compare mean of quantitative variables and chi-square test for qualitative variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

THE ROLE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY IN BENGHAZI HOSPITALS []


The present study focus on the role of clinical pharmacy in some of the hospital in Benghazi during Dec 2012 to July 2013 .

CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE REALITIES OF PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA []


The fast-expanding role civil society groups have assumed in the development of modern society has become so important that no government desirous of exploiting and harnessing the potentials of its citizens for national development can afford to ignore (Chukwuma, 2005). The wide spread consensus is that development challenges can be confronted more effectively through creation of alliances between government and the civil society (Diamond, 1995; Gyimah Boadi,1997; Putnam, 2000; Egbe, 2004; Egwu, 2008; Nwachukwu, 2013).

INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNAL []


Traffic lights play a major role in safety and efficiency in the field of transportation. Firstly, if there’s no indication of who has priority at a junction, that has safety implications, especially if it’s very busy and people get frustrated and tired of waiting, or if it’s a high speed road with limited visibility. Using signals can make junctions safer by limiting vehicles exposure to conflicting phases, making junctions safer. Present traffic light is not real time based. It change the traffic signal based on fixed time. Due this there is unnecessary wastage of fuel because of large red light delay, in this paper the optimization of traffic light controller in a city by Arduino UNO and IR transmitter and receiver. IR sensors are placed on the either side of the road to count the number of vehicle passing. In view of check the microcontroller refresh the activity light flag. Can decrease the real activity issues.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RESOMER RG 503 BASED NANOSUSPENSION FOR OPHTHALMIC IN SITU GEL OF SULPHACETAMIDE []


The purpose of studywas to develop Resomer RG 503 based nanosuspension for ophthalmic in situ gel of sulphacetamide using nanoprecipitation method to improve absorption, penetration, retention time at the site of action in treatment of conjunctivitis.The process was optimized by studying the effect of various process parameters on the size of nanosuspension using factorial design approach. Various formulations of PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation method which affect the properties like particle size, drug release study and entrapment efficiency.Particle size of nanosuspension is controlled by Stabilizer ratio, the Organic/aqueous phase volume ratio.The O/A ratio was exercised as 1:12 in which organic phase composed of mixture of acetone and ethanol in ratio of 5:1. Gellan gum (1.7%) is used in situ gelling polymer.FTIR and DSC study revealed no interaction between Sulphacetamide and excipients. Formulation parameters were optimized by 23 factorial designs. SEM imaging was confirmed the nanosized drug particles. The optimized formulation shows spherical shape and mean particle diameter 107.0 nm. Ophthalmic in situ gel of Sulphacetamide exhibits 88.58% total cumulative release up to 8 h. In conclusion in situ forming gel comprise of resomer RG 503 is a promising tool in treatment of conjunctivitis.

A POVERTY FOCUSED POLICIES IN POST-INDEPENDENT SRI LANKA: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE []


Sri Lanka is a very good example of a developing country as it has been able to reduce poverty consistently since its independence in 1948 despite all the obstacles it has faced. Heavy investments in the fields of education and health have contributed immensely to poverty reduction through human development in Sri Lanka. This paper analyse the impact of the welfare policies to reduce poverty in Sri Lanka since independence. The poverty profile demonstrates that Sri Lanka is experiencing an unprecedented reduction of the poverty headcount ratio and has achieved the First Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by reducing poverty by more than 50 per cent between 2002 and 2010 despite the protracted civil conflict in the country. However rural poverty in Sri Lanka is still alarming. Although Sri Lanka has implemented rural development policies from time to time in different phases, these were highly politicized. Thus, post-war Sri Lanka needs a long-term national rural development policy specifically focused on war-affected areas.

NUTRITIONAL AND ANTI - NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) GROWN IN HARARGHE, EASTERN ETHIOPIA: AS AFFECTED BY VARIETIES AND PROCESSING METHODS []


Cassava’s (Manihot esculenta Crantz) consumption in Ethiopia is limited because of inadequate production and lack of knowledge to its processing techniques. This study was initiated to investigate the effect of varieties (Kello and Qulle) and processing methods (sun drying, boiling, and soaking) on nutritional quality of cassava. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete design and replicated three times per treatment. The results revealed that, processing methods and varieties had significantly affected the nutritional qualities. Minerals, total ash and crude protein contents were higher in Kello however less in fat, fibre, moisture and ascorbic acid contents compared to Qulle variety. The proximate compositions, minerals and anti -nutrients of the boiled and soaked cassava were slightly lower than the sun dried. The highest total ash yield was obtained for Kello (2.56%) but the lowest (1.00%) was recorded for Qulle. The highest calcium (15.50mg/100g), phosphorus (39.97mg/100g) and iron (0.74mg/100g) were recorded for sun dried Kello. In addition, the highest hydrogen cyanide was obtained for Qulle (0.96mg/100g) for sun dried and the lowest (0.2mg/100g) was recorded for soaked Kello. The outcome of the study revealed that as both of variety has good nutritional qualities and concurrently less amount of hydrogen cyanide and phytic acid. Furthermore, soaking significantly reduces the anti-nutrients than sun drying and boiling though it had effect on some nutritional qualities.

DIFFERENCES OF HAULING TIME AND DISTANCE PLACEMENT OF LIFTNET IN PALABUHANRATU SUKABUMI, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA []


The water of Palabuhanratu known as the main base of catch fisheries in the South coast of West Java, Indonesia. Fishing tools in water of Palabuhanratu has a diversity of species and in general is still traditional and one of them is lift net. This research aims to determine the optimal hauling time and the distance placement of lift net to the weight and type of the catch. The method used experimental fishing with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three times hauling treatments, there are time hauling before midnight (H1) at 20.00-23.00 WIB, at midnight (H2) at 23.00-02.00 WIB and after midnight (H3) at 02.00-05.00 WIB real to the weight of the catch and the optimal hauling time is at midnight (H2) at 23.00-02.00 WIB and three repetitions. Conducted in August 2017 during a dark moon phase of six days. The data were collected using 2 units of lift net that were operated differently from the beach, there are near lift net 0.62 miles and far lift net 1.86 miles from the beach. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the differences of hauling time of lift nets have significant effect on the weight of the catch and the optimal hauling time is at midnight (H2) at 23.00-02.00 WIB get the weight of the catch are 44.4 kg on far lift net and the weight of the catch are 40.3 kg on near lift net, but based on the F test analysis the differences of lift nets distance have not effect on the catch.

MONETARY POLICY TOOLS/ INSTRUMENTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 1986-2016 []


This study focused on Monetary Policy Tools/Instruments and Economic development in Nigeria. Specifically the study sought to; (a) determine the effect of interest Rate on Economic sustainability and Growth in Nigeria (b) ascertain the relationships between Treasury Bill Rate and Economic sustainability and Growth in Nigeria(c) Investigate the effect of Cash Reserve Requirements on Economic sustainability and Growth in Nigeria (d) examine the effect of Liquidity Ratio on Economic sustainability and Growth. The researchers adopted time series data from 1986-2016 which were drawn from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin. The analysis of data was done using various econometric techniques like Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) for Unit Root Test, Johansen Co-integration Test and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). The following results surfaced; Monetary Policy Tools had a negative and less relationship with Economic Growth in Nigeria. Some of the variables in the study attained stationarity at first difference while others are at second difference. The Co-integration result indicated that there is short run relationship among some variables with two Co-integrating vectors. The result of the vector error correction mechanism (ECM) test indicates that only Interest rate exerted significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria while other variables did not. The study recommended that CBN/monetary authorities should tighten money supply either by increasing the Cash Reserve Requirements (CRR) of banks, mopping up excess liquidity from the system through increased OMO operations or raising the Liquidity Ratio of banks.

STUDY ON BALANCE OF URBAN DATUM LAND PRICE AMONG CITIES BASED ON GIS PLATFORM, IN SUMEDANG DISTRICT OF WEST JAVA PROVINCE OF INDONESIA []


The research aims at establishing system of urban land grade and datum land price of Sumedang District in Indonesia, which shows regional difference of land quality and land price level. The production of this research will provide important reference in constituting macro policy of regional land planning and promote balanced harmonious development of land transaction. Based on analysis of advantage and disadvantage of research methods in existence, the paper introduces the technology process of urban land gradation and how to balance urban datum land price of different cities and towns. Balance of urban datum land-price is based on urban land gradation, principal component analysis enhances selection of evaluation factors and confirmation of weights. K-Means clustering by distance is used to enhance the efficiency of land gradation. In the instance of Sumedang District in Indonesia, research methods have been improved. Based on land gradation, We propose the method of zoning by regional economic development level to determine reasonable capitalization rate and capacity rate. By establishing linear regression equation or exponential regression equation between score of evaluation units in land gradation and sample points of transaction, we can balance urban datum land price, modify abnormal land price. Based on GIS platform, Information system of balancing urban datum land price is developed to gather, store and analyze index system of factors in urban land gradation and information of land transaction. Map of datum land-price is compiled to show the trend of urbanization level of different cities.

ZADAR'S THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE []


In this substance I will present different viev on aspect and relations inside of space for which we have enough evidence that they are realy like that. I will elaborate the theme of gravitation and galactic, so called black hole. Working out the begining of space I will give the presentation of the permanent proces as an ever present and locate the conditions and causes in that it develops. In the course of the presentation of the subject-matter I will separate the totality of the space into three categories of matter that are in fact on the same, that exists at different conditions and interrlations. I will present the suspect into credibility of the theory of particles that with small additions gets on weight and gives the possiblity for achievement of probably results. I'll take you for the freedom to observe the matter and space in which exists the universe, and our material in it. All argumentations will have in their base the existing discovery that will be here presents in another way.

DETERMINATION OF TOMATO POWDER SHELF LIFE STORED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE []


Though post-harvest losses of tomatoes cannot be eliminated, but applying appropriate post-harvest technologies can reduced this to a certain limits. Extending the shelf life of tomatoes is very important for domestic and export marketing, which can be achieved through different preservation techniques such as manipulation of storage temperature and relative humidity, addition of chemical preservatives, protection against air/germ pollution through waxing, dehydration and processing into other products. This work investigates the shelf life of tomato powder stored at ambient temperature. Fresh tomatoes sliced vertically into four; was oven dried and blended into powder. Proximate analysis was carried out on the powdered tomato and fresh tomato as the control sample to ascertain the effects of drying on its nutritional values. The remaining part was tied inside a transparent polyethylene nylon and placed on shelf in the laboratory to quarterly check for any physical and nutritional changes. Results obtained show that for maximum retention of hygienic and nutritional qualities (protein, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates and energy contents, etc.) without adding preservatives or pre-treatment, freshly prepared tomatoes powder can be stored in an air tight polyethylene nylon at room temperature for a viable period of between three to six months.

ENERGY USE IN CASSAVA TUBER HARVESTING USING A SEMI-AUTOMATIC CASSAVA HARVESTER []


The economy of many countries of the world depends on agriculture, which demands technological breakthroughs to lead to the required significant increase in the level of production. Cassava is one of such crops that although, ranks as one crop being produced in high scale but with technological enhancement can do better. Harvesting cassava roots is usually done by hand; it is easy if the soil is sandy or during the rainy season. In heavier soils or during the dry season, harvesting usually requires digging around the roots to loss/free them and lifting the plant. To facilitate lifting with the device, the plant stem is usually cut down about 30 to 50 cm. The reduced stem length is used to lift the roots out of the ground. While lifting, care is taken not to break the roots, as this will lead to losses if broken roots are not retrieved from the soil. A cassava lifting device developed by the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria was evaluated to determine its performance based on the time losses and energy utilization/stress impact. The test was carried out both in the raining and the dry season.On the average, the NCAM cassava lifter average harvesting rate is 21.44 man-hr/ha in the raining season and 24.01man-hr/ha in the dry season. The losses were 3.3kg at the raining season and 3.0kg at the dry season. The stress impact of the cassava lifter on the users showed that it is less stressful harvesting cassava with the lifter than harvesting with hand. This is evident in the heart rate, harvesting the same area of land the rate was 75/min average using cassava lifter and 98/min average for traditional method, using the same subject.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH PROBLEM OF THE NIGERIAN THERMAL POWER STATIONS []


The focus of modern power system has shifted towards enhanced performance, increased customer satisfaction, low cost, reliable and clean power. In this perspective, scarcity of energy resources, increasing power generation cost, environmental concern necessitates optimal economic load dispatch. In reality, power stations neither are at equal distances from load nor have similar fuel cost functions. Hence for providing cheaper power, load has to be distributed among various power stations in a way which results in lowest generation cost. Practical economic load dispatch (ELD) problems have highly non-linear objective functions with security constraints, rigid equality and inequality constraints. In this particle swarm optimization (PSO) was applied to allot the active power among the generating stations satisfying the system constraints and minimizing the cost of power generated. The results will then be sent to the National Control Center and the various power stations via internet. Communications is very essential for the implementation of an end-to-end and two-way open communication grid infrastructure. Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide and electronic mail (email or e-mail) for exchanging messages between people. This formed the main concern for sending the results in this paper. The viability of the method was analyzed for its accuracy and rate of convergence. The economic load dispatch problem was applied to the Nigerian Power system Network. From the results obtained, the PSO method performed better and faster than CGA, MGA and DE methods in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency.

VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING INVESTIGATION FOR GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN A CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT COMPLEX TERRAIN; A CASE STUDY OF IDI-ORO APETE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA []


A geophysical survey involving sixteen vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out at Idi -oro Apete in the neighbourhood of The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria in order to delineate potential subsurface water bearing zones for groundwater development in the area. The study area is underlain by Precambrian basement complex of Southwestern, Nigeria. The schlumberger array with a maximum half current electrode spread (AB/2m) of 75m was employed. The field data obtained were plotted on bi-logarithm graph and quantitatively interpreted by partial curve matching technique and computer iteration using WinResist Software. The interpretation of VES data revealed a maximum of five geoelectric layers in the subsurface from which the aquiferous units were delineated. These are topsoil, compacted lateritic clay/ clay formation, weathered basement, fractured basement and presumably fresh bedrock. The weathered and fractured basements constitute the aquifer units. The resistivity and thickness of the weathered basement ranges from 52-470Ωm and 4.5 and 35.1m respectively while the resistivity of the fractured basement ranges from 156-979 Ωm. Depth to the fractured basement in about 94% of the surveyed area varied between 5.9-17.7m.The fractured basement is significant in enhancing the ground water potential in this area due to its relatively low resistivity resulting from its high fracture frequency. The results obtained from this study indicated that the subsurface within the area is generally characterised by the presence of water bearing units. Hence, the groundwater occurrence potential of the area is considered high. A sustainable Groundwater development program is therefore feasible in the area.

ESTIMATING DEPENDABLE RAINFALL FOR IMPROVED CROP PRODUCTION IN IDOFIAN, NIGERIA []


The minimum water requirement for an agricultural region is needed for proper planning to ensure high crop productivity is achieved. Estimation of the dependable rainfall is required to design appropriately for sustainable agricultural practices particularly in line with the changing climate witnessed globally. The Dependable Rainfall Index (DRI) has been shown to be capable of determining and specifying dry and wet years. This will help to reduce the effects and losses caused by drought to man and his environment. DRI for Idofian was calculated to be 940.96 and was used as base value to classify the rainfall levels in the years available for this study. The dependable rainfall probability P80 obtained was 965mm. This value ensures that on average, there will be enough water to meet the crop's need at Idofian, four out of every five years. It was however observed that the dry months could not sustain the water requirement of most crops, hence emphasizing the need for employing irrigation in our farming practice to intensive efforts to meet the provision of food for the teeming population of the country.