Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2021 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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DIGITAL WORKAHOLICS:A CLICK AWAY []


In today’s world, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of human life. There are many applications of AI such as Chatbot, network security, complex problem solving, assistants, and many such. Artificial Intelligence is designed to have cognitive intelligence which learns from its experience to take future decisions. A virtual assistant is also an example of cognitive intelligence. Virtual assistant implies the AI operated program which can assist you to reply to your query or virtually do something for you. Currently, the virtual assistant is used for personal and professional use. Most of the virtual assistant is device-dependent and is bind to a single user or device. It recognizes only one user. Our project proposes an Assistant that is not a device bind. It can recognize the user using facial recognition. It can be operated from any platform. It should recognize and interact with the user.Moreover, virtual assistants can be used in many areas of applications such as education, medical ,vechicles, robotics, home automation as well as security access control.

INSURGENCY AND COUNTERINSURGENCY IN NORTH EAST NIGERIA: PRECIPICES AND PROSPECTS []


Insurgency in North East Nigeria has created more lethal situations in the insecurity quotient in Nigeria. The reoccurring violence has left many lives (civilians and military) lost and property destroyed. The violent activities of the insurgents (Boko Haram) made the Nigerian state to embark on counterinsurgency. The Air Force, Army, Intelligence, Multinational Joint Task Force and Civilian Joint Task Force are deployed for the operations. These operations have recorded some achievements but more needs to be done as the violence still smolders. The study adopts The “Gold Standard” and, “Modern Warfare” Theories and Practices. Content analysis is used for inferences. Socio-Economic and Political Exclusion, Influence of Politicians and Religion are conditions that catalyze the insurgency. Allegations of Human Rights Abuses in Military Operations, Elusiveness of insurgents, Concealment of insurgents’ identity, the fluidity of the insurgents and rigidity of the counterinsurgents, International Law on War and Complex Military Operations are some challenges of counter insurgency in North East Nigeria. It is recommends that counterinsurgents must win ‘hearts and mind’ of the civilian population, punitive measures be meted on insurgents and those abating their violent activities, robust strategy that involves multi-security agencies collaborating needs to be established. The study concludes that Nigeria cannot afford to be releasing insurgents indiscriminately otherwise the end to the insurgency may not be in sight.

Review Article : Fish Protein Concentrate (FPC) for Food Fortification Product []


The purpose of this review article is to examine the use of fish protein concentrate as a protein fortification ingredient in biscuits, bread, and traditional food products. Based on the various articles and other literature reviewed, it can be concluded that the use of fish protein concentrate in biscuits, bread, and traditional products can increase the protein content of these products. The maximum acceptance of the panellists for the product occurs when the additions of fish protein concentrate less than 10%. The application of nanotechnology in fish protein concentrate is an alternative to the development of fish protein concentrate as fortification ingredients.

Tourist intensity in the Polog Region 2011-2019 []


Opportunities for tourism development in the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) are numerous. The tourist locations attract more and more interest among the foreign tourists, but it is still not enough to say that they have a significant role in the overall economy of the country. This paper aims to analyse the tourist intensity based on realized arrivals and overnight stays of domestic and foreign tourists in the Polog planning region in the period 2011-2019 and to compare them with the tourist intensity at the state level. The tourist intensity in the RNM expressed through realized arrivals and overnight stays is on the rise. The share of domestic tourists in the total tourist intensity is still higher, but the number of foreign tourists is continuously growing as well. The concept of tourism development that has been practiced in recent decades for many years is in crisis whose result is the loss of the international tourism market. Part of the tourist intensity of the RNM is accounted to the Polog planning region. The realized tourist intensity based on realized arrivals and overnight stays in the period 2011-2019 as well as the perspectives for future development are presented.

MORAL BEHAVIOUR CHANGE AMONG THE YOUTH SEEMS TO BE AT THE CROSSROAD: A CASE OF CATHOLIC CHURCH IN APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF HOSANNA, ETHIOPIA. []


Abstract The study sought to find out the role played by the Church in Fostering Positive Behaviour Change among the youth. Morality among the youth in the 21st century seems to be at a crossroad, where matters attached to morality in society is on the rise in various parts of the world. This study focused on the Ethiopian Catholic Church Apostolic Vicariate of Hosanna (AVHO) and her role in fostering behaviour change. The study used Divine Command Theory that was modified by Robert Adams and a mixed design methodology. The targeted population for this research was a youth, priests, catechists, and parents in the Ethiopian Catholic Church AVHO. A total of 228 respondents participated. Of these, 142 were youth, and 68 were parents and selected in the non-probability sampling procedure and the purposive sampling procedure. The study used structured/unstructured questionnaires, individual interviews, and focus group discussions as data collection instruments. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically using direct quotes and narratives. The findings revealed that the Church had played a role in fostering positive behaviour change among the youth. The main types of undesired behaviour cited among the youth in AVHO included premarital sex, abortion, lack of respect for each other, disobeying parents and elders, indecent dressing, watching pornography, hate speech on social media, and addiction to different drugs. The researcher recommended regular in-service spiritual seminars and workshops regarding youth character; youth-based centers to be active in each parish; a solid relationship between youth, family, and Church leaders is the utmost needed current concern. Key words: Behaviour, Church, Youth, Morals

Identification and characterization of the main maize varieties grown in rural environment of North Kabare: South Kivu Province, DR-Congo. []


The present research has set itself the objective of inventorying and contributing characterization of the main varieties (accession) of maize grown in South Kivu in the territory of North Kabare, particularly in three localities including Mudaka, Miti and Bugorhe. The results of this study showed that the majority of farmers use old degenerate varieties of maize that they buy in local seed markets for their farm operations. On the other hand, a very small portion of farmer’s access seeds from research institutions. The most cultivated varieties are Nyamabunda, Bambou, M'Mboki, Simika and Katumani respectively. The majority of maize varieties grown in rural areas of North Kabare had varied and diversified agronomic aspects. However, most of these varieties had low resistance to stress, but with an average yield in the field and an acceptable organoleptic appreciation. The maize association with other crops characterizes the most dominant cropping system.

Connaissance paysanne sur la gestion de la panachure jaune du riz (RYMV) à l’Est de la RD Congo : Plaine de la Ruzizi, Sud Kivu []


La présente étude a été axée à la perception paysanne sur la gestion de la panachure jaune du riz (RYMV) à l’Est de la RD Congo, dans plaine Ruzizi. L’objectif de cette étude était de contribuer à l’amélioration du rendement de la culture du riz à l’Est de la RD Congo en apportant une contribution sur la connaissance et la gestion paysanne sur la panachure jaune du riz. L'enquête a concerné un échantillon de 160 riziculteurs repartis dans quatre groupements (localités). Sur base d’un questionnaire adressé aux agriculteurs et observations directes sur le comportement des plantes au champ, il a été constaté que la panachure jaune du riz est l’une des nouvelles maladies rependues est connue dans les exploitations paysanne. Cependant, il se dégage que la gestion de cette panachure jaune du riz par les agriculteurs pose encore un sérieux problème. Pour le control du virus, peu des paysans font recours aux bonnes pratiques agricoles et aux variétés améliorées. Cette situation confirme d’ailleurs un faible rendement agricole du riz tel que défendu dans les résultats de cette recherche.

Prévalence de Taenia dans les groupements d’Irhambi-Katana et de Bugorhe, territoire de Kabare, Sud Kivu à l’Est de la RD Congo []


A study on human gastro˗intestinal parasites was carried out in the households of 11 localities of Irhambi˗katana and Bugorhe localities in Kabare territory, with a view to assessing the prevalence of Taenia. Thus, parasitological examinations of a samples of 2607 feces from humans of 964 households of the 2 groupings that covered the localities of Kahungu, Kabushwa, Mabingu, Kabamba, Mulangala, Kabulungu, Kankule, Buloli, Matete, and Lwiro˗Center for a period from 2005 to 2014. We diagnosed 1328 cases of Taenia (50, 94 %) and 583 households (60, 48 %) parasites. We identified 5 species of Taenia from the feces, corresponding to 1386 cases (53, 16 %) due to multiples infestations from the persons. In perspective, we would like to continue the same surveys in the households of the other localites of the region to better understand the issues of the epidemiology de Taenia in the Kabare north and why not in the South˗Kivu province in general.

Harmonic Reduction in GSM Communication System in Nigeria []


Harmonic is a signal whose frequency is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency resulting in distortion of supply of signal due to interference by superposition. In Global system for mobile (GSM), communication, Harmonic distortion retard the strength of a signal, and thereby creating interference in the signal. A pass-band filter for harmonic reduction in a cellular mobile phone was design and simulated. Mathematical approach was derived from first principle to have a transfer function and used to synthesis the design of the component. The bandwidth of the filter range is 890MHz to 915MHz for uplink communication. Matlab Simulink was used to model and simulate the filter. Analytical and simulated Bode plots were used for comparative analyses of the cellular mobile phone in term of quality factor, Bandwidth, signal strength, selectivity and dissipation factor. These shown, the analytical is more accurate with a quality (Q.F) and dissipation (D.F) factors of 42.93 and 0.023 respectively. More ever, The higher the Q.F and smaller the D.F, the better the filter. The various network provider should synchronize their GSM dissipation factor to a range between 0.020 and 0.024 in their systems so as to reduce harmonic distortion in communication system.

BORON REMOVAL IN DRINKING WATER []


Purpose of Boron Removal and Remineralization is to produce drinking water by removing boron from a permeate water stream. . It cannot be removed by conventional water treatments and its separation still remains an issue. Boron is a naturally occurring element most often found as boric acid or boric acid salts Boron is an essential micronutrient that has raised much interest, given the narrow balance between its necessity and toxicity. As boron is not a dietary requirement for humans, added sources of boron to the amount that is already consumed from foods is toxic for the human body. Boron is often present in water streams to be treated to match final user specifications or environmental restrictions The plant is designed to treat 1.57 m3/h of inlet water to produce 1.1 m3/h of treated water with a Boron content of 2.4 mg/l through a dedicated Reverse Osmosis Technology. Downstream RO a Remineralization Section is requested to cope the TDS required limits in drinking water. The World Health Organization (WHO) has consequently set a boron concentration limit for drinking water to be below 0.5 mg/L in addition to the standard of 1 mg/L for all other water applications. . Different water sources carry varying degrees of contaminants (compounded with boron) that are influenced by other varying factors like pH level and temperature which require different treatment processes in order to effectively purify water for the intended applications. Reverse Osmosis and other conventional techniques. This unique method is most effective when treating a relatively large amount of water, irrigation as well as drinking waste water applications.

ROLE OF SAVINGS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SULTANATE OF OMAN []


The critical role that domestic savings rate could play in economic growth process has continued to attract the interest of economists both at theoretical and empirical levels particularly since the formulation of Harrod-Domar model. The purpose of this project is to analyze the role of savings in the economic development of the Sultanate of Oman from 2009 to 2018. Currently, the national economic growth is mostly based on crude oil, natural gas and oil products. For the development of the non-oil sector, mobilization of domestic savings into investments would prove very useful. Savings of people in Oman will be the most important investment resource for the development of the non-oil sector and further leads to economic development of the country. The paper reviewed the literature and found that Harrod-Domar model has been used to test the relationship between savings and economic development of the country. The data were collected from the secondary sources to analyses the relationship between savings and economic development of Oman. Two important determinants of savings, such as interest rate and inflation rate were analyzed. Other variables, such as gross capital formation, gross national expenditure, household final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, exports and imports of goods and services were also analyzed, as these determinants are the major forces that shape the economic situation of the country. The result shows that savings to gross domestic product ratio has positive effect on economic development most of the years. But it also has a negative effect on economic development for few years. This could partly be a result of dissaving during those particular periods under study. At the same time, the results also reveal that six independent variables such as LBR, EXPO, IMPO, INT, GNE and GDS are statistically significant and the other three INFR, GCF and HFCE are statistically insignificant. The results supported the Harrod-Domar model which proved that saving rate positively or directly related to the GDP. The study concluded that the Harrod-Domar model is applicable to the economy of the Sultanate of Oman. So, the government should adopt an appropriate approach to encourage savings and foster economic growth. Key Words: Savings, Economic Development, Gross Capital Formation, Gross National Expenditure, Household Final Consumption Expenditure, Gross Capital Formation

ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS AND GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM LEAF CRUDE EXTRACT []


Malaria is a potential deadly tropical disease and the most important of infectious diseases in the tropics and sub-tropics. The search for new antimalarial drugs has been necessitated by P. falciparum resistance to virtually all antimalarial drugs. In this study, the phytochemical compositions of leaf of G. latifolium and C. citratus were analyzed using phytochemical analysis. The bioactive compounds in the extract were evaluated. The results of the phytochemical investigation of G. latifolium and C. citratus indicates the presence of Saponins, carbohydrates, Tannins, Phenols, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Triterpenoids and Cardiac Glycosides. The results of the study also show that G. latifolium possess a moderate antimalarial activity. Therefore, the extracts possess promising antimalarial activities which can be exploited for malaria therapy, and also justifies the traditional use of the plants in malaria treatment. Further work is suggested to synthesis and characterizes the active principles from these plants.

Impact of community infrastructure on the socio-economic livelihood of rural farmers in Rivers State []


The study investigated the impact of community infrastructure on the socio-economic livelihood of rural farmers in Rivers State. The focused on determining the impact of connective infrastructure, water and sanitation infrastructure and socio-economic infrastructure. The study was carried out in Rivers State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was all rural farmers in Rivers State. Purposive sampling techniques was used to select 60 rural farmers in the three senatorial zones in Rivers State Forty-two of the selected farmers were males while 18 were females. The instrument used for the study was self-structured questionnaire. The instrument was established for reliability using test-retest method which resulted to reliability coefficient of 0.91. The method used for data presentation and analysis was tables, frequencies, mean and standard deviation. t-test was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study showed that community infrastructure is a vital mechanism for conveyance of good and sustainable livelihood for farmers in the rural areas. Community infrastructure has high positive impact on both social and economic wellbeing of rural farmers. Community infrastructures such as roads, footbridges, potable water, sanitation infrastructure, market establishment among others influence on the social economic wellbeing of rural farmers in Rivers State. It was recommended among others that Government should help in providing electricity connection to rural areas, as this will enable industrial encroachment to remote areas.

Factors that affect students’ attitude towards learning health and physical education theoretical class in Mandura Woreda Gilgel Beles Primary School grade 8th section ‘B’ students []


Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify and to examine factors that affect the students’ attitude towards learning health and physical education on theoretical class in case of Mandura Woreda in Gilgel Beles Primary School. Self-made questionnaires were distributed to respective students who are currently enrolled in Gilgel Beles Primary School from sample; I had taken grade 8th B in terms of number of students. Several factors; I had been discussed in this research. This paper also used to organize and administer the qualified persons, school administrators, standard sport teaching aid and equipment’s were recommended as necessary inputs. The study used descriptive type of data analysis and purposive type of sampling method. Questionnaire, interview, observation, and document findings were tools for data gathering. I prepared different questions for each type of tools. For the administrative persons I distributed 5 different questions related to my research title. After the respondents fill the answer; I identified four different factors, such as lack of teachers motivation to teach students, misunderstanding about the subject, the teacher give high mark, poor supervision of school principals and others were the major factors understood from the collected data. The study also describe about the class room environment, attitude, educational qualification of teachers and other related literature. Generally this research provides different useful idea for the improvement of selected title, by showing possible solution for each factor with in clear and concrete recommendation. I have used both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. I analyzed in the form of 11 tables. Finally I have suggested different recommendation based on the major factors that I identified. Furthermore the school principal, teachers and students should participate collectively for the improvements of student’s attitude towards learning health and physical education on theoretical class by reading this research report module

Impact of Organic and/or Inorganic Fertilizer Application with Row Planting on Maize Yield Growth in Ethiopia: Implementation of the Conditional Differences in Differences Approach []


This study examines the national level impact of adoption of fertilizer (organic, inorganic or both) with row planting on maize yield growth in Ethiopia. In so doing, a balanced panel data set covering two time periods was used and propensity score matching in combination with a difference-in-differences estimator was employed to better match control and project units on preprogram observable characteristics and to control for certain types of unobserved variables which can be assumed to remain fixed over a shorter time series. It is found that adoption of fertilizer with row planting had positive and significant impact on maize yield growth at national level. Therefore, this study recommends to widely scale-up adoption of fertilizer with row planting to all maize producing farm households, and this should be accompanied by increasing availability of affordable fertilizer and labor-saving row planting techniques for the smallholder farmers to enhance their livelihood.

The Influence of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Skills on Employee Performance at Baito Sub-District Office, South Konawe Regency []


This study aims to identify and analyze knowledge, attitudes, and skills towards employee performance at the Baito sub-district office, South Konawe Regency. The population in this study was 32 employees at the Baito District Head Office in South Konawe Regency. The determination of the number of samples in this study is to use the census method, which is all taken as a sample of 32 employees. The analysis tool used is multiple linear regression using SPSS software. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that (1) knowledge, attitudes, and skills have a positive and significant effect on employee performance; (2) knowledge has a positive and significant effect on employee performance; (3) Attitude has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and (4) skills have a positive and significant effect on employee performance.

Urban dynamic Stressors in the Sisia-Menteh Watershed of Bamenda, North West Region Cameroon []


While anthropogenic activities such as bush fire, cultivation of crops, housing construction continue to exert pressure on urban catchment areas within the Bamenda grassfields, the watersheds are becoming largely unsustainable. This paper looks into the anthropogenic activities and it consequences on the catchment area with emphases around some headwaters of the Bamenda Urban Metropolis. The main objective was to assess the effect of human activities on catchment while testing the significant effects of human activities on catchment areas. The researchers employed primary and secondary sources in data collection using a mixed design method which combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to gather data on anthropogenic activities in the study matrix. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the population needed for the study. A total of 79 households were selected within the catchment areas of Sisia and Menteh for questionnaire administration. Data generated were analysed descriptively and inferentially using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. All statistical tests were determined at 0.05 significant levels. The results indicate that anthropogenic activities significantly exert negative effect on the urban catchment areas. Plants and animal extinction, disappearance of fresh water as well as reduction in vegetation cover were remarkably noticed. Linear regression statistics results showed that the calculated p-value .001 was below the significant level of .05 used for the study. This therefore accepts the fact that anthropogenic activities significantly have adverse effects on catchment areas on the headwaters of the Bamenda metropolis. Base on the findings, it is strongly recommended that the authorities concerned, through municipal councils should carry out capacity building and sensitization campaigns on the importance of conserving watersheds given the urban development process. Key words: Urban dynamic, stressors, urban watershed, urban metropolis, Bamenda, Cameroon

Analysis of the economic costs of curative care : in the Katana health zone, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. []
Kubali.M.V1.,Kitumaini.S.P2.,Barhuze.B.S3.,Kisubi.L4.,Bajope.B5.,Munyanga.M.S6., Coppieters .Y7

Health has no price but costs "To better meet the real needs of the population and enable decision-makers in the sector to have reliable data on the economic costs of using curative care. The objective: is to help reduce the morbidity and mortality of the population by increasing access to curative care to meet the needs of the population. Material and methods: the study is analytical cross-section, going from January to December 2019 with the help of survey questionnaire. Simple multistage random sampling. The sample size is 374 households. Data processing is done using Microsoft Excel and Epi-Info 3.5.2 software. Statistical analyzes are produced by means, frequencies, cross-tabulations, standard deviations, logistic regression, Yates and Fisher's corrected K-squared test exact. These tests helped us to deal with the significant variables. Results: it appears that monthly household income is extremely low. This income is estimated on average at 54.35 dollars per month, or an average per capita income per day of 0.3 dollars. But also that the economic costs significantly influence the use of curative services (ch2 = 10.1, p - value = 0.001, the average direct cost of an illness episode represents 48.3% of the monthly household income, the indirect cost represents 10 % .The ability to pay the bill for these costs, determines the quality of care through the adequacy and continuity of care. The ability to pay the bill for these costs, determines the quality of care through the adequacy and continuity of care. Conclusion: the costs of health care, constitute a constraint in the use of services. Policy makers allocate a responsible budget to cover the population's medical platform for health care / services. Keywords: Economic costs - Use - Curative care - Katana health zone - DRC.

Review of Bioplastics for a sustainable future []


The diminishing sources of fossil fuel and the environmental pollution that the petroleum based plastics that are made from the finite resource has prompted the need for an eco-friendly alternative that has come in the form of bio-based plastics and biodegradable plastics. The biodegradable plastics will aid in alleviating some of the burden that comes from synthetic plastic pollution while bio-based plastics will aid by alleviating some pressure from the non-renewable feed stock that is fossil fuel with a renewable feed stock. Till date bioplastics have been in development and slowly aging momentum in the global commercial market. With the development has come a diversification and discovery of properties which renewable sources have to offer in the production of bioplastics. Bioplastics now have a large range of applications in industries such as automotive, agriculture, packaging, consumer electronics, medical, cosmetic and housewares. All this has been made possible through a diverse range of modification of the source materials for the bioplastics. In this review, degradation of plastics, classification, modifications and applications of bioplastics are discussed.

CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS OF A RESORT LANDSCAPE. []


ABSTRACT Resorts are built in the midst of natural splendors, and success depends upon how well the design is integrated into the setting. A good resort takes advantage of the landscape, optimizing the natural resources; a better-resort responds not only to the climate and topography, but to the cultural history of its particular place. A lot of internal factors can affect a resort’s ability to develop and maintain competitiveness. One of such factors is the landscape of the place. Man derives benefits from its immediate environment and therefore owns the responsibility for the life worth living. The beauty around us brings joy, solace and inspiration; which is life-enhancing. At times we seek this out in special landscapes that have been accorded the status of being note worthily pretty. We are prepared to spend money and effort going on holidays. This research aims to identify challenges and barriers in developing sustainable landscapes to a resort. A multi-dimensional approach with a combination of qualitative research strategies including a literature review, expert interviews, as well as in-depth observation of some selected resort’s landscape is the methodology employed. Because no one wants to travel to an out-of-the-way place only to be cut off from the exotic structure by anonymous environs that gives little or no clue to its locale, this paper identifies most of the challenges associated with the landscape of a resort and proffered solutions to them. The study concludes that for a resort’s landscape to serve a good purpose and be sustainable, it must adhere strictly to the solutions proffered to challenges such as erosion, hills, grade levels etc. Keywords: Resort, sustainable landscape, sustainable tourism, vacations.

Design and Fabrication of Working Model of Hovercraft []


The design and development of a hovercraft prototype with full hovercraft basic functions is reported. The design process is quite like that of boat and aircraft. In-depth research was carried out to determine the components of a hovercraft system and their basic functions, and in particular its principle of operation. Detailed design analysis was done to determine the size of component parts, quite in accordance with relevant standard requirements as applicable in the air cushion model. Test performance was carried out and the prototype was found to meet design expectations giving an air cushion of 0.5 inch. The test performance result gave an efficiency of 69% for the design. Further research is recommended to improve on the efficiency of the craft.

Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Eucalyptus globulus []


Eucalyptus is a manifold genus of flowering trees and bush in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Medicinal plants play a important role in world health and one of the primarily used agents for ages for the treatment and to cure several diseases. Eucalyptus is commonly known as the blue gum which contains the constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and propanoids which are present in the leaf root and stem of the plant. The phytochemical and pharmacological studies reported in this review confirm the therapeutic value of Eucalyptus globulus which exhibits various properties like anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial and antiseptic.

Combination of Chlorhexidine with magic mouth wash for the prophylaxes of chemotherapy induced mucositis []


Daily chlorhexidine mouthwash is often recommended for preventing chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. A stable mouthwash was formulated for the management of chemotherapy induced oral mucositis. There are various approaches to manage oral mucositis which involves the combination of different ingredients such as analgesics, local anesthetics and muco-protective agents. However, there is a likelihood of developing microbial colonization because of the disruption of mucosal membrane, therefore antifungal or antibacterial are added in the formulation prophylactically, which may also treat other prevailing infection, if any. A well-known product, magic mouthwash was modified with the addition of chlorhexidine and checked for its physical stability, taste and efficacy in terms of antimicrobial activity at different storage conditions.

PROTECTION OF BIO-DIVERSITY UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: LEGAL TENACITY []


Abstract Biodiversity refers to the variety of all forms of life on earth, including the different plants, animals, micro-organisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystem they form. It is considered at three main levels including species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. Relative to the variety of habitats, biotic communities and ecological processes in the biosphere, biodiversity is vital in a number of ways including promoting the aesthetic value of the natural environment, contribution to our material well-being through utilitarian values, maintaining the integrity of the environment through; maintaining CO2/O2 balance, regulation of biochemical cycles, absorption and breakdown of pollutants and waste materials through decomposition, determination and regulation of the natural world climate, protective services, e.g. by acting as wind breaks and acting as indicators of environmental changes. Despite the benefits from biodiversity, today’s threats to species and ecosystems are the greatest recorded in recent history and virtually all of them are caused by human mismanagement of biological resources often stimulated by misguided economic policies, pollution and faulty institutions in-addition to climate change. To ensure intra and intergenerational equity, it is important to conserve biodiversity. Some of the existing measures of biodiversity conservation include; zoological gardens, botanical gardens/arboretums, seed banks and national parks and game Reserves. Keywords include: Biodiversity, protection/conservation