Volume 11, Issue 5, May 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Effects of Digital Marketing on SMEs Performance in North-East Nigeria []


Abstract Digital Marketing in today’s competitive marketing space needs to enhance the current understanding of society today’s marketing across internet communities, this paper examines how the effects of Digital Marketing and customer loyalty behaviors are influenced by Digital Marketing channel cultural orientation as a medium in context. We utilized a huge effect on cultural orientation: collectivistic vs. individualistic level of education and awareness between-subject factorial design to generate data from undergraduate and postgraduate student subjects. The database comprising of 370 valid responses was analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance the findings indicate that positive Digital Marketing enhances customer engagement and loyalty amongst collectivistic consumers more than individualistic consumers while traditional marketing techniques are less attractive to customer engagement and loyalty behaviors of collectivistic consumers than individualistic consumers. We also show that not only does customer engagement mediate the effect of Digital Marketing valence on customer loyalty, but the indirect effect was also more pronounced for collectivistic than individualistic consumers. We made two important recommendations. First, firms, especially hotel service providers want to stimulate positivity. Finally, SMEs and service providers should consider consumers’ cultural orientation when developing their social media marketing strategies because consumers exhibit perceptual differentials on this platform. Whether marketing is viewed in the old sense of “pushing” products or in the new sense of “customer satisfaction in pull marketing point of view as a business activity that helps to increase living standards and performance. Marketing is an all-encompassing societal activity that goes considerably beyond the selling but satisfying by production and the servicing in the environments in which marketing exists, e.g. Political contests remind us that all political candidates are marketed as well just as products such as detergents or student recruitment by colleges or universities reminds us that higher education is marketed. Fundraising reminds us that ideas and problems are causes marketed anywhere. With cheaper handsets from china, second-hand devices, and fairly used from Belgium, technology gains a strong foothold in the local areas; therefore, local products can be marketed with different digital marketing channels online or offline. Local producers selling farm produce, crafts or skills and know-how, be communicated, as such local entrepreneurs will become more popular, putting local products and services through digital marketing platforms via simple, smartphone devices with simple apps will help local small and medium enterprises to communicate to their buyers within and outside local areas if not to the whole world as marketing environment.

TEACHERS’ CONCERN IN THE CONDUCT OF IN-PERSON CLASSES []


Teachers recognized that the interest and welfare of learners are first and foremost in the understanding of the different learning and challenges among students. That is the reason that effective teacher plays an important role in the success of the young generation. The study was conducted to investigate the teachers’ concern in the conduct of in-person classes and their challenges during the in-person learning modality. A qualitative research design and a case study in nature were being used in this research. The thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data gathered from the teachers’ respondents. To gather data, self-constructed questionnaires were administered. The researcher found out that in terms of teachers’ concerns in the in-person classes, the students learning and academic development. Further, the researcher found out that to address their concerns, a credible teacher adviser is needed, and a teacher can initiate an innovative approach to teaching. In terms of Challenges during in-person classes learning modality was poor reading ability and the teacher’s most challenging role is to initiate an innovative approach to teaching. Finally, teachers overcome these challenges in life by always positive mindset and making an effective continuity plan in teaching. Keywords: In-person Classes, Teachers’ Concern, Lambayong

THE INFLUENCE OF COMPETENCE AND WORK EXPERIENCE ON CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF ASN AT THE SERVICE OF PLANTATIONS AND HORTICULTURE IN SOUTHEAST SULAWESI PROVINCE []


The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze: (1) The effect of competence on ASN career development (2) The effect of competence on ASN performance (3) The effect of work experience on ASN career development (4) The effect of work experience on ASN performance in the Plantations and Agriculture Services Southeast Sulawesi Province Horticulture, 5) The effect of career development on ASN performance (6) The role of career development in mediating the effect of competence on ASN performance (7) The role of career development in mediating the effect of work experience on ASN performance. The research respondents were 53 people and the data analysis method used Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. The results of the study show that: (1) Competence has a positive and significant effect on ASN career development, 2) Competence has a positive and significant effect on ASN performance, 3) Work experience has a positive and significant effect on ASN career development, 4) Work experience has a positive and significant effect on ASN performance, 5) Career development has a positive and significant effect on ASN performance, 6) Career development mediates the effect of competency on ASN performance, 7) Career development mediates the influence of competency on ASN performance.

COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SHARIA BANKING AND CONVENTIONAL BANKING DURING THE PANDEMIC COVID 19 []


This study aims to determine, test, and analyze: Comparison of financial performance at Indonesian Sharia Banks and conventional BRI during the Covid 19 Pandemic. This research is a comparative study where the population and sample of this study are Indonesian Sharia Banks and Conventional BRI listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, the sample of this study was determined using a purposive sampling technique, collecting data using documentation. Data analysis used the comparative analysis or different tests. The results of this study indicate that: There are differences in performance in the LDR ratio, and also the results show there are no differences in financial performance in the CAR, NPL/NPF, ROE, ROA, and BOPO ratios. The test results of the LDR ratio with the Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.005 < 0.05. The results of testing the CAR ratio can inform us that the significance value is 0.514 > 0.05. This shows that there is no significant difference in the CAR ratio between Conventional BRI and Indonesian Sharia Banks. The results of the NPL/NPPF ratio test can inform us that the significant value is 0.382 > 0.05. The results of the ROE ratio test inform us that the significant yield value is 0.436 > 0. 05 so it can be stated that there is no significant difference in the ROE ratio between Conventional BRI and Indonesian Sharia Banks. The results of the ROA ratio test can provide information to us that the significant value is 0.449 > 0.05. The results of the BOPO ratio test above inform us that the result is a significant value of 0.517 > 0.05. This indicates that there is no significant difference in the BOPO ratio between Conventional BRI and Indonesian Sharia Banks.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LEACHATE POLLUTION ON GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES. []


To determine the extent of dumpsite pollution on groundwater quality, physical, chemical, and heavy metal tests of water samples from one borehole and one open well located close to a landfill at Sango Abattoir, Owode market area, Offa Kwara State, Nigeria, were conducted. The positions of the borehole and open well were 35 meters and 15 meters, respectively, from the landfill. Turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, nitrate, chloride, calcium, and heavy metals including copper, iron, and magnesium were among the parameters measured utilizing convectional equipment and conventional laboratory techniques. While the majority of these measures showed traces of contamination, they were below WHO and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) consumption limits. The Ph temperature ranged from 26.5 to 27.50C, turbidity readings were between 1.0 and 412 FAU, and the range of ;;;;ranged from 5.7 to 6.8 indicating harmful contamination. Nitrate, calcium, and calcium concentrations varied from 34 to 61 mg/L, 65 to 70 mg/L, and 65 to 70 mg/L, respectively. Copper ranged from 0.00 to 0.01 mg/L and iron ranged from 0.03 and 0.15 mg/L for heavy metals. Magnesium was found in one of the wells (boreholes) due to a landfill, which could be linked to an abattoir nearby (open well). The findings indicated that one of the samples of water (an open well) was severely contaminated but urgently needed specific levels of treatment before usage. public education regarding waste sorting, the use of clean technology, and to stop further ground water contamination, it is advised to implement change, mitigation measures, and sanitary landfill usage.

Factors associated with Undernutrition among under five years children in Nyarugenge District, Rwanda. []


Background: Undernutrition remains serious issues all over the World. About 45% of all children under five years old died from undernutrition. It is not only to die but also long term consequences like being prone to infectious diseases and delay in mental growth. Rwanda is among the country who made a huge effort to fight against undernutrition but it still had a big number of undernutrition at33% of stunting, underweight of 8%and wasting of 1% by Demographic and Health survey. This study aims at identifying prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition among under five years old children in Nyarugenge district Rwanda. Methods: Sample of 333 children from ten sectors of Nyarugenge district fill the structured questionnaire of open ended questions. Simple random stratified sampling was used and SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data and p value was set at 5% and confidence interval of 95% was set. Results: The result was been presented in figures and tables. The result shows that stunting, wasting, and underweight are 10.81%, 1.5%, 2.7% children respectively. Stunting is statistically significance by Mixing food with breastfeeding (AOR= 1.98; 95% CI= 1.01-3.24; P= 0.02); Mothers with no formal education (AOR=5.02; 95%CI=3.49-9.87; P=0.04); Parents with no formal jobs (AOR= 4.11; 95%CI=3.47-8.12; P=0.001). Family category one at (AOR=2.2; 95%CI=2.03-5.45; P=0.021). Wasting were statistically significant with mixing food with breast milk at wasting at (AOR=3.02; 95%CI=2.43-7.82; P=0.01); family with income between 45000-8000 were statistically significant at wasting at (AOR=2.11; 95%CI=1.98-4.57; P=0.02). Underweight was significantly associated with mothers whose no formal education (AOR=3.7; 95%CI=2.01-6.45; P=0.01); history of recurrent diarrhea (AOR=3.11; 95%CI=3.01-7.12; P=0.03); income level between 45000-80000 (AOR=3.21; 95%CI=1.89-7.32; P=0.001). Conclusion: the prevalence of undernutrion was high in mothers who had no formal education and in children whom they mixed breastfeeding with food. Ministry of health should emphasize on community nutritional program. Community health workers should strengthen capacity of mothers on preparation of balanced died because many mothers who have no formal level of education were shown to have more significance on undernutrition and Monthly community screening should be done appropriate so that the undernutrition should e ruled out earlier .Mobilization on exclusive breastfeeding as early introduction of food before six months of age to a child was significantly associated with undernutrition. Local government should explain to the families the issue of undernutrition and their consequence of it on children in long term should be appropriate. Key Word: Undernutrition, Stunting, Wasting, Underweight, Factors, Prevalence

iTRACK APPLICATION FOR FINANCIAL DOCUMENT TRACKING SYSTEM []


The iTract Application for financial document is reliable, efficient and usable having a weighted mean of 4.44, 4.65 and 4.66 respectively. It can track the Accounting files, file movements, finding files and securing files that consists of: software that is integrated with RFID technologies for tracking Liquidation Reports and Cash Advance Requests; updated with the financial report’s for the Monitoring of Schools Division Superintendent, Accountant III and Senior Bookkeeper for database query; and can send SMS notification for all School Heads of Department of Education, Schools Division of Catanduanes for easy tracking of approved Liquidation Reports and downloaded Cash Advance Requests. The iTrack Application for Financial document is reliable in the security alert system if the financial documents are pulled out in an expected location. Certainly it will create a sound alarm for the user and administrator of this system. The iTrack Application for Financial document is functional and can be used for where it is intended having rated with an overall mean of 4.65, meaning it is “Far more than what is expected” from it. It was evaluated different respondents. It passed the evaluation using ISO 9126. Therefore, the clientele may install and use it to where it is intended. Key Words. Accounting System, Financial Document Tracking System, RFID registry tags, SMS Notifications, Software Application, Tracking Systems

La réécriture et l’innovation dans «verre cassé» D’ALAIN mabanckou []


This article explores the use of intertextuality, rewriting, and innovation in Alain Mabanckou's novel "Broken Glass" within the context of sub-Saharan literature. It analyzes the key elements that influenced Mabanckou's writing, the techniques of rewriting used in the novel, and the themes explored through this approach. Additionally, the article discusses the importance of innovation in contemporary literature and Mabanckou's contribution to sub-Saharan literature. Through an analysis of the novel's use of oral and poetic styles, the article highlights the effects of innovation on the narrative and themes. Ultimately, this article highlights the significance of Mabanckou's use of intertextuality and innovation in sub-Saharan literature.

IMPACT OF MIGRANT REMITTANCE ON LABOUR SUPPLY IN NIGERIA []


Abstract Since 2014, remittances have surpassed official development assistance (ODA) and capital importation (FDI, FPI and other investments) ranking second only to oil as a major foreign exchange earner for Nigeria. However, Nigeria has suffered from labour market problems such as a shrinking labour force. While remittances often serve as an important source of income for households that stayed behind, this additional income may have negative effects on labour supply decisions. The thrust of this study is to ascertain the impact of migrant remittance inflow on labour supply in Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives are three-fold: To examine the impact of migrant remittance on labour supply across various work activities in Nigeria; to determine the impact of migrant remittance on different age brackets in Nigeria and to investigate the impact of migrant remittance based on gender distribution in Nigeria. Employing the 2019 General Household Survey and the Tobit estimation technique, the following conclusions were made. First, remittance inflow had an asymmetric effect on the different types of activities; it exerts a positive impact on farm and nonfarm activities and a negative impact on wage employment and apprenticeship. Second, remittance inflow exerts an asymmetric effect on different age groups. It raised the labour supply of the active labour force and diminished the labour supply of the elderly. Third, remittance inflow exerted an asymmetric impact on both male and female members of the labour force. However, the incremental effect on women is greater than that on men. The study recommends that appropriate policies can be implemented to integrate migratory remittances into Nigeria’s development policies. The country’s decision-makers can benefit more from the Nigerian migratory potential through the establishment of different means allowing Nigerian migrants to direct their transfers for investment purposes in their origin country to increase the per capita income and reduce the unemployment rate in the country.

“An Overview of Implementing QR Code on a woven trouser in Garments Industries” []


It is commendable that this study focuses on implementing QR code technology in the RMG industry to reduce costs, save time, and promote sustainability. The use of QR codes is a practical solution that can improve efficiency and provide consumers with relevant information about the products they are buying. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of reducing the use of polyester fabric in garment labels, which is a significant step towards promoting environmental sustainability. The adoption of alternative materials and the reduction of waste can have a positive impact on the environment and make the industry more attractive to eco-conscious consumers. The report's potential impact on the RMG industry is noteworthy, as it can provide valuable insights for businesses looking to adopt more sustainable practices and attract environmentally conscious buyers. The use of natural resources can also be optimized, and the industry can benefit from cost savings, better resource management, and increased competitiveness in the global market. In summary, the study's focus on QR code implementation, the reduction of polyester fabric use, and the adoption of sustainable practices in the RMG industry is commendable. Its findings can have a positive impact on the environment, businesses, and consumers, and shed light on important issues related to the industry's sustainability.

THE EFFECT OF DEPOSITIONAL SANDSTONE ENVIRONMENT ON SAND GRAIN SIZE AS PREDICTED FROM WELL LOGS DATA PARAMETERS []


ABSTRACT Attempts have been made in the past, with some success, by different researchers to develop a generalized mathematical relationship between formation sand grain size and petro physical properties obtained from well logs such as porosity, water saturation, among others. These mathematical prediction models have been found to provide more reliable information about in-situ grain size distribution of Tertiary pay sands. This paper goes further to highlight the big effect of depositional environment on the grain size distribution of Tertiary formation sands of the Niger Delta environment. The highlight of the results is the development of mathematical relationships between, median grain size and cementation factor on one hand as well as median grain size and formation ratio activity among others. The results have shown that there are differences in prediction models for the different depositional environments such as Distributaries Channel , fills/Point bar sands, Braided river channels, Barrier bars/Barrier foots among others. It is believed that the trends and models established in this study will form a solid foundation for a more accurate prediction of formation sand sizes when the right petro physical parameters are known. This will prove useful to production engineers, petro physicists and production/reservoir geologists especially with respect to gravel pack design and sediment logical studies. KEYWORDS; Niger delta environment, Grain size , Water saturation , Gravel parked, Braided river, Paysandú Reservoir, Geologist , and Distribution tertiary

AN EXAMINATION OF THE ACCOUNTABILITY PROCEDURES UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAWS TO PRESERVE WORLD PEACE IN LIGHT OF THE ATROCITIES COMMITTED BY RUSSIA AGAINST UKRAINE. []


Russia is engaging in an aggressive war, committing war crimes, and committing genocide against Ukraine. These are the three main categories of international law offenses. The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine and the International Criminal Court, respectively, have gathered evidence of actions that appear to be war crimes, such as indiscriminate killings and sexual and gender-based violence against civilians. More than a dozen nations have submitted evidence to the International Court of Justice claiming that Russia is conducting genocide in Ukraine. Treaties cover both crimes against humanity and war crimes, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and customary international law both apply to both types of crimes. The International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over Ukraine, but Russia wields significant power at the Security Council thanks to its veto. There has to be a worldwide structure of citizen concern to stop the influence of any superpower. The difficulty in showing a connection between the act constituting the crime and the perpetrator is what makes crimes against humanity and war crimes so difficult to prove. In order to quickly address the concerns of people around the world for world peace, a citizen-oriented approach is required. Russia and Ukraine have not ratified the Rome Statute or the UN Security Council Resolution 1315, which makes it impossible to establish a special court like the Special Court for Sierra Leone. To hold the Russian government responsible for the threat they posed to Ukraine, which now affects the entire globe, a mechanism must be set up immediately. In order to pursue accountability for international crimes, a court must be formed in accordance with international law. Dangers to international security, dangers to peace, or crimes against humanity cannot be discussed by the UN Security Council. A citizen tribunal with access to international law and the consent of all states is required to address these challenges. To hold Russian authorities accountable for Moscow's invasion of Ukraine, Gordon Brown and Annalena Baerbock have proposed the creation of a special tribunal. A citizen-controlled accountability system is required to set an example. As an illustration, establishing the International Convention on Global Citizens Voice This might be developed into a group that would gather signatures from countries that denounce Russia's abuses. It would hear important cases for the entire world and be represented by prominent lawyers. The prosecution should last no more than a week, and the burden of proof should fall on the accused. Create swift, reliable, responsible, and citizen-centered international procedures as a result to maintain world peace. Keywords: War crimes, Peace, Accountability, UN, Citizen Centered solution

Assessment of forest cover change in the Cross River National Park in Nigeria between 1986 and 2020 []


The study assessed forest cover change in Cross River National Park in Nigeria. Land use analysis of the national park between 1986 and 2020 using landsat imageries; was employed for the study. Descriptive statistics in form of Tables, frequencies, percentages, charts and maps aided the study in data presentation and interpretation of results. Findings revealed that seven (7) land use/land cover types (degraded forest, waterbodies, thick forest, and agricultural lands, riparian/swam forest, mangrove and settlement) were identified within the Cross River National Park. Results revealed that forest cover (thick forest) reduced from 2787.82 km2 to 2626.52 km2 between year 1986 and 2000; and further reduced to 2333.73 km2 in year 2020. This therefore indicated total forest cover loss of 454.09 km2 between year 1986 and 2020. The total percentage change (loss) in forest cover between year 1986 and 2020 was -16.93%. Thus, the Cross River National Park is gradually losing its forest cover through deforestation activities. Therefore, to address the rate of forest cover loss in the national park increased efforts should be directed on those activities that encourage forest conservation at all times

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Contraceptives among Secondary Schools Adolescents in Bugesera District, Rwanda []


Poor practice of contraceptives among adolescents lead to early pregnancies and affect their future in both physical and mental health. In Rwanda, 15% of adolescents aged 15-19 got unintended pregnancies. Controlling changes in contraceptive practice among adolescents is very important for formulating policies and programs to increase the contraceptive utilization among this group of the population. Knowledge and attitude towards contraceptives utilization is desired to keep reproductive health of adolescents. The access to contraceptives is needed for addressing future projection in empowering adolescents in reproductive life. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptives among secondary schools’ adolescents in Bugesera District, Rwanda due to its high number of unplanned pregnancies among adolescents observed in 2019 and 2020. This was a cross-sectional study as after the collection of data, the exposure and outcome variables were measured at the same time. Adolescent boys and girls of 12 to 19 years old that were studying in secondary schools in Bugesera District were the target population of this study. The sample size of 320 adolescents was selected from 10 secondary schools. The schools were selected purposively considering their locations and the students were chosen based on the availability at the time of data collection. A structured questionnaire was used as the tool of data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze frequencies and percentages while Chi-square test was used to test for association between variables and regression analysis was used to test the strength of association between dependent and independent variables which were previously identified by Chi-square test. The analysis was done by using SPSS version 25.0. Among the study participants, there were more female (52.5%) than male (47.5%), a large percentage of participants were in the age group of 18-19 years old (51.2%) and those studying in senior four were higher (27.8%) than other levels. The study revealed that 43% of adolescents have a high level of knowledge on contraceptives, 49% of them showed positive attitudes towards contraceptives and 32% had a good practice of contraceptives. The multivariable logistic regression showed that gender (AOR=2.164; 95% CI= [1.258-3.725]; p=0.005) and the level of knowledge (AOR=3.406, 95% CI= [2.004-5.778]; p<0.001) are associated with the practice of contraceptives. The majority of adolescents found to have low level of knowledge on contraceptives, negative attitudes towards contraceptives and poor practice of contraceptives. Adolescents and Sexual reproductive health policy should be implemented at all levels and target adolescents including those in secondary schools to raise awareness that will increase their knowledge, change their attitudes and improve their practices of contraceptives.

Work Stress and Employ Attrition Intention in Commercial Banks []


The study aimed to investigate the effect of work stress on employee attrition intention in commercial banks. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample size of 214 employees from a population of 461 in 21 commercial banks in Nepal.

Knowledge and Hygiene Practice for Food Contaminated with Molds Among People in Owerri Municipal, Imo State []


Molds are commonly found everywhere in nature and virtually everywhere, both indoors and outdoors including food and the environment. The study assessed the knowledge and hygiene practices of food contaminated with molds among the populace of Owerri. The study adopted Cross-sectional study design and primary data was mainly used and collected through questionnaire developed by Environmental Health Organization Registration Council of Nigeria (EHORECON) to collect information on the status of knowledge, hygiene practices and management of molds in the environment. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The finding revealed that most respondents are not aware of the presence of Molds in their environments (55.6%) neither do they have adequate information about molds in food and environment (41.3%). Over half of the participants were not sure they could identify feed/food material suspected to be contaminated by molds. The result revealed poor hygiene practices among the respondents towards molds in food and environment. It was recommended that government agencies, stakeholders and public health authorities are to provide health education programs that will sensitize concerned groups on better development.

Economic Value of Some Forest Products in Abua Central, River State, Nigeria []


This study was conducted to assess the economic value of forest products in five randomly selected communities; Otari, Omalem, Ogbema, Emilaghan, and Omelema.Abua Central, in River State. Semi-structured questionnaires were distributed in communities to obtain information on demographic characteristic, identify and categorize forest products of economic values, determine the profitability of identified products and to ascertain the forest management practices. Descriptive statistics and cost benefit analytical tools were used for data analysis. Majority of the respondents were females (56.52%) while (43.48%) were males. The ages of respondents ranged from 16 to 41years and above. The respondents were all Christians and majority of the respondents had University education qualification (54.35%). Most of the respondent had business as their major occupation with 65.22%. A majority of the respondent practiced agroforestry (23.91%) and other management practices such as bush fallowing (21.74%), crop rotation (19.57%) and cover crops (2.17%). Forest products of economic value identified were categorized into fruit tree crops, vegetables and timber products. All the respondent stated that forest products were very important to their livelihood and thus the demand for forest products was very high in the study area. Cost benefits analytical tool indicated that the forest products in the study area were profitable. High percentage of respondents indicated that community leaders and individual citizens should be responsible for managing the forest in their communities. A majority of the respondent (66.67%) were not aware of forest laws, 32.61% are ignorant of factors limiting forest management. Measures should be put in place to ensure that forests are well managed for environmental, aesthetic, social and economic benefits in order to fully harness the unrealized economic potential of forest products.

The impact of Saint-Saëns's travel to Tunisia on his creative work []


Saint-Saëns is one of the most important figures of the french music and the romantic era. he is known for his passion for traveling and his use of algerian music elements in many works like Samson et Dalilah. This article is a study on the french composer travels to Tunisia, and the impact of this journeys on his music.

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE AND DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN LAMBAYONG DISTRICT – I []


Conflict is prevalent in any school. Unresolved disputes can undermine the school’s capacity to succeed. Thus, depending on the situation and the concerned parties, school leaders must know how to handle and manage conflict. To establish strong relationships with subordinates, school administrators must learn and apply various conflict management styles. Hence, this study tried to examine the conflict management style and development outcomes of public elementary schools in Lambayong District-I, Division of Sultan Kudarat. The respondents of the study were Seven (7) School Heads and Thirty (30) teachers. Schools Heads were completely enumerated as respondents while Thirty (30) teachers were selected through a purposive sampling procedure. Data were collected using a survey questionnaire and then analyzed using Descriptive-correlational design and Pearson r statistics to discuss the findings. Findings revealed that most of the school heads used collaborating conflict management style. Further findings revealed that school development outcomes in terms of school climate and teachers’ commitment to work were practiced to the greatest extent. In conclusion, school heads’ conflict management style has a significant relationship with school climate and teachers’ commitment to work, more so, conflict management styles have nothing to do with teachers’ performance.

GAGET, EXAMEN A., (2023). MANAGERIAL PRACTICES OF IP SCHOOL HEADS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IPED PROGRAM IN ESPERANZA DISTRICT III. East-West Mindanao Colleges Inc., Kamasi, Ampatua, Maguindano, 68 pp. []


Issues on Indigenous Peoples Education (IPEd) still exist in the country, especially during the pandemic. Due to limited number of school heads who are IPs, IPEd programs are not religiously implemented, specifically in far-flung schools in Mindanao.Generally, this study aims to determine the impact of the extent of Managerial Practices of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) School Heads, and the level of implementation of all Indigenous Peoples Education (IPEd) Programs in Esperanza District III, Division of Sultan Kudarat for the school year 2022-2023. It utilized a Quantitative Research Design, specifically, the use of Descriptive-Correlation with the selected IP teachers as respondents. Based on the result, the extent of the Managerial Practices of the IP School Heads in Esperanza District III is found to be very satisfactory which indicates that these IP school heads are practicing a good managerial supervision. Further, the level of implementation of the IpEd Programs as influenced by the Managerial Practices of the IP School Heads in Esperanza District III, in terms of Indigenization of Learning Materials, Application of Indigenous Knowledge System and Practices (IKSP) Indigenous Peoples Celebration is rated as highly implemented which entails that there is an active implementation of IP programs in DepEd Esperanza District III. Finally, it has been concluded that there is a significant relationship between the extent of the Managerial Practices of the IP School Heads, and the level of implementation of the IPEd Programs in Esperanza District III. Keywords: Managerial Practices, Indigenous People, IPEd Programs

IMPACT OF BRAND CRISIS ON BRAND AVOIDANCE IN ELECTRONIC RETAILING PORTAL WITH THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF BRAND LOVE AND E-BRAND TRUST: A RESEARCH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FMCG PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION IN WESTERN PROVINCE []


The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market is one of the most competitive and aggressive markets in the world. Even though many branding concepts were investigated by the previous researchers in this context, brand crisis and brand avoidance behavior was not sufficiently investigated in the local context. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the impact of brand crisis on brand avoidance with the mediating effect of brand love and e-brand trust within the FMCG purchases via e-retailing portal in Western Province, Sri Lanka. As this study is quantitative in nature, it has used structured survey questionnaires, identifying a sample of 325 which consist of online users specially referring to generation Y and Z using multistage mix sampling method. In terms of testing hypothesis, the researchers have followed Partial Least Square (PLS), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The bootstrapping results of the structural model demonstrated that brand crisis positively impacts on brand avoidance, negative relationships in between brand crisis and e-brand trust, brand love and brand avoidance, e-brand trust and brand avoidance. Since the study focuses only the FMCG category within online context, generalization of findings gets framed only for the given context. However, along with the mediation of e-brand trust, it has proved that e-brand trust prevents brand avoidance in FMCG online retailing in times of crisis. Keywords- Brand crisis, Brand avoidance, Brand love, E-brand trust

Importance of Insurance and Pensions Sector Contribution to Economic Growth and Employment in Zimbabwe Since 2019 []


The current study seeks to demonstrate the impact of the insurance and pensions industry’s contribution to economic growth by increasing the gross domestic product, employment creation, savings mobilization for investments, social protection, and provision of various risk mitigation insurance products. The study used both a descriptive and an econometric approach to estimate the impact of the insurance and pensions industry's contribution to the real gross domestic product using quarterly time-series data. The main findings indicate that the industry contributes to sustainable economic growth by mobilizing resources that are invested in various asset classes. The estimation results suggest that investment in prescribed assets and equities positively contributes to real Gross Domestic Product while investment in the money market and property negatively relates to real output during the period under investigation. In addition, the insurance and pension industry also enhances social protection systems, offers products and services that enhance risk mitigation, and creates employment. The study recommends that the government should restore confidence and build public trust in long-term insurance products that promote gross savings, by issuing unequivocal guarantees that the United States Dollar denominated policies that insurers are selling will remain as such into the future and create a stable operating environment characterized by a stable exchange rate and low inflation rates for the industry to effectively contribute to economic growth and employment creation.

CONTROL OF A SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEM FOR POWER SUPPLY IN A REMOTE COMMUNITY []


The need to provide some neighbouring communities in the Boki Local Government area in Cross River State with a stable electric power supply from the Afi river compelled this work. Afi River has a water head of about 11.4m and a flow rate of about 13m3/s which are used for the determination of the expected hydrological power, this helps in the choice of the appropriate turbine used. Non-linear models are used to represent devices required for the small hydropower plant (HPP). The control involves proportional integral derivative (PID) governor and power system stabilizer (PSS) to enhance the operation of the small hydropower system. Ziegler Nichols' turning method is adopted in selecting the right gain coefficient of the PID governor. The design is done using Matlab and simulation of the control system is carried out with Simulink. Matlab/Simulink is used to compare and model the response of the HPP when controllers are present and when they are absent. The results show that the controlled hydropower plant is able to regain stability after 3s when agitated by load variation. Also, the power system stabilizer (PSS) displayed the ability to improve the enhancement of the proposed hydropower plant. The hydropower plant has the prospect of producing over 1976kW approximately 2MW of energy. Load variation has little or no effect on the voltage of the system unlike in the active power and the speed. This is as a result of the inherent voltage regulator of the generator. The results further revealed that it is practically impossible to run a small hydropower system without the use of a speed controller. In terms of economic wise, hydropower is cheap to maintain and does not produce green house gas.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN AGED 6-23 MONTHS IN RWANDA []


Anemia is the form of micronutrient deficiency encountered all over the world. The WHO estimates that, globally, it reaches the figure of 2 billion affected individuals. The statistics show a very high rate of the children (6-59 months) suffering from anemia (37%) and a relatively high rate of women (15-49 years old) suffering from the same disease (13%). Despite the severe global burden of anemia with more impact in developing countries including Rwanda, only limited studies have been done locally. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess factors that are associated with anemia among children aged between 6-23 month in Rwanda; “Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2019/2020” was analysed. A cross sectional study was conducted through collected a secondary data analysis using Rwanda demographic and Health Survey 2019/2020. Variables including socio-demographic factors; environmental factors and socioeconomic factors which could have association with anemia among children aged 6-23 months in Rwanda ware analyzed. The results of the present study will be significant for a lot of people: The students will benefit from this study as they will use it in their research work as reference. The parents will have their children well-nourished and avoid possible health problems that could occur in case of anemia. In order to achieve the stated objectives, the researcher used a strategy of case study and the case study here is Rwanda DHS 2019-2020. The total population of the survey is composed of all children aged 6–23 months and 1203 children information were analysed in the present research. Concerning data collection tools, the DHS used a standard questionnaire. The study employed descriptive statistical tools to analyse quantitative data obtained from Rwanda DHS 2019/2020. The finding study revealed the prevalence of anemic was found high (52.9%); 39.7% of the children are aged 6-12 months and 32.9% are aged 13-18 months. Also, 36.5% of the children had different kind of illnesses in last two weeks. In addition, 93.5% of the mothers live with their partners and 92.8% of the children are not underweight.79.8% live in rural area and 44.7% are poor. Bivariate analysis showed that being aged between 6-12 months presented a good association with childhood anemia with 65.8%, X2=60.325, p<0.001. Having no access to clean water presented a significant association with childhood anemia with 56.7%, X2=7.971, p<0.019 and poverty presented a significant association with childhood anemia with 63.7%, X2=21.143, p<0.004. Multivariate analysis showed that the children aged 6-12 months were three-fold times more likely to be diagnosed with anemia than 19-23 months and the difference was significant (AOR=3.015; 95% CI 2.253-4.036; p<=0.001). Having no access to clean water was associated with childhood anemia with AOR=3.062(1.301-7.204), p<=0.010 and failing to prepare a balanced diet regularly is significantly associated with disease of anemia AOR=1.316; 1.018-1.702, p<=0.036). In sum, the overall results showed that child age and weight, maternal anemia, having had any illness in last two weeks, absence of access to clean water, absence of disposal replacing the toilet for children, poverty, absence of Vit A supplementation and absence of regular preparation of balanced diet for the child are all associated with childhood anemia. Other indicators used to measure the association with anemia have been found not significant.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING Costus afer AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS EFFECT ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS PARAMETERS IN ADULT MALE WISTER RATS []


Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing area of scientific interest due to its wide applications in catalysis, solar energy, waste management, and sensing technology. Nanomaterials are efficiently used in medicine for drug delivery, diagnosis, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, wound healing, and development of antimicrobial agents. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Costus afer-AgNPs extract on Testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and Follicle stimulating hormone in male rats. In this experimental study, 18 adult male rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into six groups. The first group (control) adequately consumed compressed food and water without any restrictions during the experiment. The second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth experimental groups respectively consumed 200mg, 400mg, 600mg, 800mg, and 1000mg Costus afer-AgNPs extract per kilogram body weight in a daily manner. Blood samples were taken from all groups after four weeks through anesthesia. The serum was isolated. Serum concentrations of testosterone, LH, and FSH were measured. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS, ANOVA, and LSD tests. Serum levels of testosterone, LH, and FSH significantly increased in the experimental groups receiving 200mg, 400mg, 600mg, 800mg, and 1000mg Costus afer-AgNPs extract per kilogram body weight compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Costus afer-AgNPs maintained testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and could increase them.