Volume 11, Issue 5, May 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication


Impact of long term observations of climatic factors on incidence of bacterial leaf blight in fine varieties of rice []


Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is becoming major disease in rice crop. However, there is a pressing need to manage the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae as alternative measures. In this study, the impact of climatic factors was assessed on the incidence of BLB on Basmati Super and PS-2 (PK-1121 (aromatic)). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that temperature and relative humidity played a significant role in flourishing the disease incidence on fine varieties of rice. The disease incidence in Basmati Super recorded strong significant (P<0.01) positive relationship with maximum temperature (0.768) which was at par with PK-1121 (aromatic) (0.751). Likewise, significant (P<0.01) negative relationship was found with humidity in Basmati Super (-0.621) and PK-1121 (aromatic) (-0.603) during 2010. The correlation regarding disease incidence with minimum temperature and rainfall (mm) was non-significant. The correlation showed negative significant (P<0.01) impact (-0.726) with minimum temperature regarding disease incidence on Basmati Super which was at par with PK-1121 (aromatic) (-0.797). The disease incidence in Basmati Super rice was recorded by 10.1% to 18.7% compared to PK-1121 (aromatic) (1.99% to 5.67%). In conclusion, disease incidence changed its regime accordingly with fluctuation in climate change and Basmati Super was found more susceptible against BLB of rice compared to PK-1121 (aromatic).

Digital Wallets: Degree of Usage of Law and Graduate School Students of the University of Baguio []


The advantages of Digital Wallets, also known as E-wallets have been patent with the fast growth of technology ideally allowing users to conduct faster, less arduous and effective future online transactions. Convenience and wide range of uses of digital wallets might increase the students buying power ―Add-to-cart pa more!!! Taking these into consideration, the University of Baguio pursued a study to determine the degree of usage into digital wallets of the law and graduate school students of the University of Baguio. The study was carried out through descriptive-survey research where the accomplished google form survey of the students who answered from August 23, 2022 to November 23, 2022 was utilized. Through the frequency count and percentage, mean and correlation coefficient it was found out that a great percentage of respondents are from law school, the majority of respondents have Digital Wallets, a great percentage of the respondents are using GCASH as their Digital wallet, and the level of usage of the respondents is described as “Average”. More so, there is a significant relationship between the respondents along with exposure to mass media in terms of promoting Digital Wallets and their willingness to adapt to the changes of technology. Thereupon, the university is posed with the challenge of providing digital wallets as platform for their Payroll and Cashier, hence these services must be evident on their website and social media sites.

Application of LoTi framework for Digital-age Teaching in the UB Science High School. []


Learning has moved beyond the classroom, and schools must improve classroom innovation and better prepare students for the challenges they face in a highly competitive, digital-age society. The study aimed to identify gaps in promoting digital-age teaching and help identify professional development goals that could assist students to succeed in an ever-changing technological context. The study applied descriptive-quantitative analysis to the responses of 34 teachers in the LoTi digital-age survey and framework. Results showed that the sudden shift from face-to-face learning to blended learning using the hyflex model due to the Covid-19 pandemic made the teachers consider time to learn, practice, and plan as the greatest obstacle to advancing the use of digital resources in teaching. Implementing the online learning mode subsequently allowed the teachers’ frequent integration of digital resources to promote engaged and effective student learning environments. This opportunity led the teachers to score very highly on all the professional development priorities identified by the LoTi digital-age survey. Results of the study also showed that the frequency of implementation of digital integration does not depend on the length of teaching experience and the highest educational attainment of teachers since the teachers were given equal chances in the application of digital resources and capacity-building in the integration of digital technology. The evaluations made on the learning modules written by the teachers showed that the teachers’ highest level of technology innovation is on Expansion (LoTi 5). However, most teachers are on Integration (LoTi 4a, LoTi 4b) level. It is important for school administrators to continuously provide teachers with trainings on using current digital resources since this is directly related to their effective instructional technology integration.

DETERMINATION OF STABILITY CONSTANT OF Fe(II) BIPYRIDINE COMPLEX []


In this paper the stability constants of Fe(II) complexes were studied using spectrophotometric method. Job’s plot was used to evaluate the stability constants of complexes in aqueous media. Experiments shown that obtained result matches well with literature values elsewhere. Factors affecting the determination values also discussed and

Bending Strength of cellular lightweight concrete sandwich composites with bamboo pin reinforcement []


Concrete has high compressive strength but the presence of bubbles added to the concrete mix makes cellular lightweight concrete very brittle and has low strength. Using cellular concrete as a sandwich composite core is risky with its strength, it is necessary to connect the two composite skins to strengthen the core. Bamboo is a type of grass, part of a potential non-timber forest product commodity. Using bamboo pins to connect the two sandwich composite skins is a strengthening method in this study. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the insertion of bamboo pins on the bending strength of sandwich composites with variations of tilt angles of 90, 75 and 60 degree.

Vers un traitement automatique des difficultés de la langue spécialisée à partir des examens du baccalauréat de la discipline physique-chimie au Maroc []


Cet article s'intéresse à l'identification des difficultés de la langue spécialisée des examens nationaux au Maroc de la matière physique-chimie. La nouvelle réforme au Maroc concernant le choix de la ou des langues d'enseignement des matières scientifiques a suscité des débats passionnés et enflammés . Notre approche utilise un programme d'extraction automatique qui s'applique sur un corpus des examens de la matière physique-chimie de la section BIOF des trois filières scientifiques (SM, PC et SVT) selon des critères prédéfinis. Les résultats suggèrent que les difficultés linguistiques supposées existant entre les filières scientifiques ne sont pas visibles. Les difficultés linguistiques des examens résident plutôt au niveau des mots et non des termes exigeant ainsi un renforcement particulier de la langue commune

CHALLENGES IN USING INFORMATION RESOURCES: A CASE STUDY OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE LIBRARY, NIGERIA []


The utilization of information resources holds significant importance in the realm of undergraduate education. However, undergraduates often encounter diverse challenges when it comes to accessing and effectively utilizing these resources. The current research endeavour aims to investigate the specific challenges faced by undergraduates in their usage of information resources, focusing on the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Library as a pertinent case study. The study seeks to discern the types of information resources commonly employed by undergraduates, identify the obstacles they encounter in the process of accessing and utilizing these resources, and explore potential strategies to overcome these challenges. In pursuit of these research objectives, a total of 150 questionnaires were disseminated to a carefully selected sample of undergraduate students from the aforementioned university. The questionnaires served as the primary instrument for data collection. The obtained results shed light on various noteworthy aspects. Notably, a significant majority of undergraduate students (86%) reported visiting the library weekly. However, it was found that only a comparatively smaller proportion (36%) of students indicated frequent utilization of electronic resources, such as e-books and online journals. The most prevalent challenges included inadequate availability of resources (52%), poor Internet connectivity (46%), limited proficiency in information literacy skills (38%), and restricted access to relevant materials (34%). These findings underscore the need to address these challenges to facilitate enhanced access to and utilization of information resources among undergraduate students. In conclusion, by examining the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Library as a case study, the study provides valuable insights on how to mitigate the challenges observed such as providing Improved Library Resources and Better Internet Connectivity utilized by undergraduates.

PATERNAL IMPACT ON THE UPTAKE OF COVID-19 VACCINE BY THE FAMILY- LESSONS FROM THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC FOR FUTURE EVENTS []


Introduction: COVID-19 infection which started in China in 2019 reached the end of the earth and became a pandemic. Several interventions in the form of oral or parenteral medications did not produce a significant remedy. Eventually, vaccines were produced which appeared to be the long-awaited solution to the infection, but the next challenge which was vaccine hesitancy emerged. Many of the possible causes of hesitancy were discovered and tackled, however, in Africa; with patriarchal leadership as dominant, it was necessary to assess the paternal impact on the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine by the family. Though COVID-19 is no longer top on the table in most countries, we can learn some lessons for the future, hence this study. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 399 men were interviewed with a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, and the information obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the studied men was 41.68 ± 11.01 years with the majority Christians (56.51%), Yoruba (80%), with tertiary education (63%), and earning less than one hundred thousand naira monthly (<150USD). Nearly all the men knew about COVID-19 infection (98.20%), its common symptoms (72.70 - 87.60%), and its common preventive measures (78.50 – 93.90%), and the most common sources of information were Television, Radio then social media. About 27.70% of the respondents had received the COVID-19 vaccine while for family vaccination support, about 70.10% for wives, 67.10%, and 66.60% respectively for sons and daughters. Those that refused vaccination had no specific reason (31.95%), while 31.36% of those who accepted it considered it safe. After controlling for confounders, the willingness to support family vaccination was significantly affected by the educational level of the men, their willingness to be tested, and their assurance of the safety of the vaccine. Conclusion: To increase the uptake of COVID-vaccine, education is a key factor. It is important to educate everyone about the disease and the efficacy of vaccination which is the most reliable treatment or prevention for the lethal disease. Furthermore, a deliberate attempt at educating men on the disease and the management option would most probably have a remarkable effect on the acceptance of the vaccine by the family. Keywords: COVID-19, Paternal, Vaccine, Family, hesitancy

A study to analyze the role of knowledge management in enhancing the impact of the entrepreneurial approach in managing organizational changes. []


The Research study aims to investigate the significance of knowledge management correlating with the influence of the entrepreneurial approach in the realm of organizational change management. According to the current market situation, it is a requirement to adapt to the changing market. This adoption is innovation, resilience, agility, etc. although a successful implementation of the entrepreneur approach in change management needs effective management of knowledge resources in the organization. As knowledge management plays a crucial role in capturing, organizing, sharing, and leveraging the knowledge inside an organization for effective decision-making or strategic action. Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical analysis, this research seeks to explore the relationship between knowledge management practices and entrepreneurial approaches in organizational change management. through this study, the examination of knowledge management incentives would be conducted. The research methodology includes data collection through surveys, interviews, and case studies of bank muscat. the responses are further analyzed using statical methods as well as qualitative methods. The finding of this research will offer valuable insight into relationship management and entrepreneurial approaches to managing organizational change. The result will help the organization in guidance and seek for enhancement of change management capabilities in a dynamic market.

A Case Study of Solid Waste Management in the Central Business District of La Trinidad, Benguet []


A crime against the environment that calls for efficient trash management is continuous garbage creation. In-depth investigation of solid waste management in La Trinidad's CBD is the goal of this study. In particular, it aimed to pinpoint and ascertain how households managed their garbage. Five barangay chairmen, four barangay councilors, and one designated waste management officer of the MENRO-La Trinidad were all interviewed by the researcher over the course of many meetings. An observation of twelve collecting places was also done by the researcher. Because the Bantay Basura program is resolutely implementing segregation and segregation at source, the study found that this is the predominant method used by families to manage their trash. Keywords: Bantay Basura, waste management practices, violations, enhanced management Plan

Isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for production of yoghurt from local goat and cow milk. []


Industrial organisms are sought everywhere and they could be priceless in their applications. In this study 15 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LABs) were isolated from two animal breeds (goat milk and cow milk) sampled from 11 villages and two markets site in Bida metropolis using de Mann Ragossa and Sharpe (MRS) agar, these isolates were of five genera according to their morphological and biochemical characteristics, they were Lactobacillus fermentum (20.0%), Lactobacillus sp. (33.3%), Leuconostocs sp. (6.67%), Pediococcus sp. (33.3%) and Streptococcus sp. (6.67%). They were screened for their yoghurt production tendencies and the yoghurt produced was assessed by a panel of sensory analysts. All of the LAB isolated from cow and goat milk samples produced relativelygood yoghurt and the quality of the product can be improved with further research on the right combination of the culture to create a multicultural starter. It is recommended local cow and goat milk around Bida metropolis will serve as a natural sources of good starter culture for production of yoghurt.

EVALUATION OF TEACHERS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE BASED ON LESSION PLAN. []


Lesson plan is a very vital role of teachers pointing to whether their service will be effective or not and signify-ing their level of proficiency and efficiency. The study examined the Evaluation of Secondary School Teachers’ Academic Performance Based on Lesson Plan. Four research questions and three null hypothesis guided the study. The descriptive survey was adopted and simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the study sample of 200 teachers. A researcher’s structured instrument titled “ESSTAPBLPQ” was the instrument for data collection. The data collected were subjected to appropriate analysis such as frequency counts, percent-age, mean, standard deviation and t-test Analysis at 0.05 level of significance. Its reliability coefficient was computed at 0.77. Findings of this study revealed that planning, time scheduling and priority setting in lesson delivery in the class-room is very essential. It was recommended that teachers should be very serious about planning lesson ahead of the time and prioritizing tasks to avoid clash of interest. Keywords: Lesson plan, Teachers’ academic performance, Secondary Schools.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN RWANDA: A CASE OF NZOVE NTORA IN WASAC LTD []


The purpose of this study was to find out the project management practices and performance of water supply projects in Rwanda with a case study of Nzove Ntora in Wasac Ltd. This study was achieved the following objectives: To analyze the influence of project analysis; to examine the influence of project formulation; to assess the influence of project implementation and to determine the influence of project evaluation to the performance of Nzove Ntora in Wasac Ltd. The theory makes claims about comprehensive rationality. It is premised on the existence of complete information about alternatives and consequences; complete baseline data; and completely sufficient time, capability and other resources. Rationality is associated with a scientific approach to analysis and problem solving in the decision-making and planning context. Rational planning comprises the basis for conventional project management in which formal project planning is central and decision-making is analytical. Dwelt much on specific type of monitoring and evaluation where he says that, for M&E to be successful, it has to be participatory. Evaluation also has been criticized in a sense that good evaluations need expertise, resources, and above all time. This normally leads to a lagged cycle of commissioning evaluations to address policy questions, only to have evaluations reported well after the necessary decisions have been made. Conversely, decision-makers often view earlier evaluations as out of date; and rightly or wrongly, irrelevant to current policy questions. A correlation design was utilized in order to interpret data. Therefore, both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview) research techniques were used by researcher in order to collect data (information) related to the objectives of the study and for data analysis. The entire target population of the study who was the total number of the target population was 81 persons including the key informants. This study used census inquiry method. Data source refers to any material was consulted or used in the due course of the study. Both the primary and secondary data was used in the study. Spearman (Pearson) correlation coefficient measures the extent to which, as one variable increases, the other variable tends to increase, without requiring that increase to be represented by a linear relationship. If, as the one variable increases, the other decreases, the rank correlation coefficients were negative. Statistical correlation is measured by what is called coefficient of correlation (r). Its numerical value ranges from +1.0 to -1.0. It indicates the strength of relationship. In general, r > 0 indicates positive relationship, r < 0 indicates negative relationship while r = 0 indicates no relationship (or that the variables are independent and not related). Here r = +1.0 describes a perfect positive correlation and r = -1.0 describes a perfect negative correlation.The findings shows that there is strong mean and standard deviation of 4.26 and 0.855respectively, implies that the project evaluation ensure all activities that are being developed within institutions at Nzove Ntora in Wasac Ltd. The study concludes that project management practices have a significant positive impact on the performance of Nzove Ntora in Wasac Ltd.'s water projects. The study recommends that organizations in Rwanda's water sector achieve their goals. Annual goals should be aligned with major change initiatives or quality programs and integrated with stakeholder engagement. This makes stakeholder involvement part of the plan and sustainable. Stakeholder engagement should focus on stakeholder engagement to improve her Nzove Ntora in her Wasac Ltd water supply project within Rwanda's water sector. Keywords: Project management practices and performance of water supply projects.

JEU CONJUGAL AU PRISME DE L’ECONOMIE DU MANIOC EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE []


Based on a mixed survey, this study analyzes the relationship between spouses for whom the household is the relational framework, to the cumulative effect of the cassava economy (rent) and the socio-economic empowerment of women. The observation is that the economic crisis no longer allows men to meet household expenses alone, particularly in rural areas. The methodological approach is part of the theory of the shaping of conjugal relations through the prism and symmetry of the circulation of money (Attané, 2009) to which is associated the production of data in the localities of Bécédi-Brignan (South -eastern forest, in the Akyé zone) and NGattadolikro (Centre, in the forest-savannah transition area, with Baoulé populations). The field made it possible to interview 90 and 85 producers of cassava and derivatives and 59 and 47 husbands, respectively in Bécédi-Brignan and N'Gattadolikro. With the rise of cassava production and the income it generates for women, economic power in households has shifted into the hands of women. In this regard, the results of the study show that the economic empowerment of women through cassava income appears to be a factor leveling household roles, even if some cassava producers become preeminent; this engenders either a dynamic of households, predicted by the World Bank, or a strong lack of love between spouses. Cassava is the best employment factor for youth and women in these study areas.

THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITIES IN UGANDA []


It has not yet been fully explored how to successfully encourage personnel so that an organization can hit its performance goals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the motivationv and their performance as employees at Ugandan universities. The study specifically looked at the relationship between salary and employee performance, the relationship between recognition and employee performance, and the relationship between organizational atmosphere and employee performance. Data were gathered on the study's dependent and independent variables using a multi-dimensional questionnaire. Both public and private universities that ONLY offered authorized courses were used to gather the data. The analysis omitted universities that were identified on the NCHE website as offering expired programs. SPSS was used to examine the data. A statistical method called factor analysis was used to identify the fundamental elements or dimensions of a set of data. The statistical tests employed for the analysis were Bartlett's test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sample adequacy. The sample was suitable for factor analysis because the KMO was at 0.908 > 0.5 and the Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant at 0.0000.005. Organizational climate, remuneration, and employee recognition were identified as significant predictors with R=0.403, R square = 0.163, and Adjusted R square = 0.154, according to the results of correlation and regression analysis. According to the regression results, the goodness of fit is adequate (Adjusted R2 = 0.14), which means that the model's regressors only account for around 15.4% of the variability in employee performance at Ugandan universities, leaving the remaining 41.3% to factors outside the scope of this investigation. The level of significance for the regression model, according to further analysis, was 0.000, indicating that it is statistically significant, thus, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis and upholds the alternative hypothesis that there is a statistically significant effect of motivation on employee performance of university in Uganda. Given that different motivational elements might sometimes have distinct effects on employee performance, the study suggests that firms should continually research what motivates employees. The study showed that non-financial elements like organizational atmosphere and recognition have a good impact on employee performance, thus the researcher advises that firms take them into consideration as potential motivators. The researcher thinks that researchers might still conduct studies outside of academic institutions to determine how motivation affects worker performance. This will assist managers in making judgments that are statistically significant based on several parameters. Key words; Salary, Employee Recognition, Organization climate, Employee Performance, Motivation

Ethical Strategies in the Corporate World: a comparison of Secular and Islamic ethical systems & Factors Influencing Ethical Behavior in Islam. []


With the emerging scholarly contribution to ethics, Islamic-oriented scholars have intensified the desire to contribute to the phenomenon by providing the Islamic perspective on secular debates. Secular Ethical Theories not limited to relativism, deontology, utilitarianism, and egoism among others have not yet found a nexus of what is ethical or not hence the need to appreciate whether the Islamic perspective does so. This paper discusses the comparison of secular theoretical systems in relation to the Islamic perspective and it clarifies that, despite the secular approach to ethics, there is a need to examine the source and applicability of the theories which the Islamic perspective provides through the Quran and the Sunnah (Practices of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him). The paper further discusses the factors influencing ethical behavior in Islam. Keywords: Ethics, Secular Ethical theories, Islam, Quran, Sunnah

ORDINARY LEVEL MATHEMATICS IMPLEMENTATION DYNAMICS IN GLENVIEW-MUFAKOSE DISTRICT: HARARE, ZIMBABWE. []


The main purpose of the study was to examine the Ordinary Level Mathematics Curriculum Implementation dynamics looking at the influence of learners` attitudes on poor performance in Mathematics in the Glenview-Mufakose district of Harare in Zimbabwe. It was underpinned by two theories, the Constructivist theory by Jean Piaget (1896–1980) and the Systems Theory of von Bertalanffy (1930). The conceptual framework guiding this study was Mathematics Curriculum Implementation. This helped the researcher to get a deeper understanding of the contribution of the attitudes of learners to poor performance in Mathematics at “O” Level in the Glenview-Mufakose district in particular and Zimbabwe in general. This study, because of its pragmatic nature, considered both the positivist and post-positivist ontologies. The mixed methods was chosen because no one approach is better than the other and the researcher saw it ideal to mix the qualitative and quantitative paradigms in the present study. The concurrent triangulation design was used where both data which was qualitative and quantitative were collected concurrently in one phase, analysed separately and then compared and combined (Mawarire, 2013). The study sample consisted of twelve school heads, twenty-four parents, forty-eight teachers and ninety “O” Level Mathematics learners who were purposively sampled from twelve secondary schools in the district. The total sample was one hundred and seventy-four respondents. Data collection instruments consisted of questionnaires, interviews, observation guides and documentary analysis. The major finding of the study was that most of the learners in the Glenview-Mufakose district had a negative attitude towards Mathematics and this had negatively influenced the results in the district in question. The study recommended that the schools in the Glenview-Mufakose district in particular and Zimbabwe in general should motivate “O” Level Mathematics learners so that they develop a love for the subject. Another recommendation was that “O” Level Mathematics learners should be refocused on the importance of the subject in everyday life.

EVALUATION OF LOW-COST METAL OXIDE AIR QUALITY GAS SENSOR , DAIRQ THROUGH MEASUREMENT OF CO, NH3 AND NO2 ACROSS DAR ES SALAAM CITY []


Air pollution affects the quality of life and public health, especially in Urban cities. The carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or am-monia (NH3), are among the pollutants found in urban cities and have potential to cause respiratory illnesses or cardiovascular diseases. Met-al-oxide gas sensors hold great potential for monitoring air pollutants level as their low cost, ease of operation and compact de-sign can enable dense observational networks. However, several studies have shown that the performance of these sensors can have large discrepancies from those recorded by reference-grade instruments and thus they require frequent calibration. The study focuses on DAirQ metal oxide unit assembled at Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT) to measure gaseous air pollutants in urban areas. Measured datasets of NH3, CO and NO2 in laboratory and/or field from sites in Dar es Salaam city between October 2021 and Febru-ary 2022 were used for calibration and performance evaluation of DAirQ units. Calibration model equations extracted from sensor manufac-ture curves were used in DAirQ sensor through a replication of model on each device. Calibration was carried out using the dataset recorded during collocation deployment of sensors in laboratory and field settings, while sensor performance evaluation was for datasets recorded during field deployment of sensors for separate sites across Dar es Salaam city. The results of linear calibration procedures studied shows sig-nificant resemblance of data recorded by these sensors in terms of ranges and magnitude variations to be sufficient for indicative measure-ments in cities. The dataset from site specific recording across the city showed variations of pollutants among the sites and with time of the day as expected. For individual field observations, some high picks of pollutions above WHO recommended values were observed across the city, especially at rush hours and at night time for sensors located in busy roads and industrial areas, respectively. Over all, the observed indic-ative measure of air pollutants across the city were sufficient for public awareness and policy making purposes.

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP []


ABSTRACT Rural community development is greatly aided by entrepreneurship. In rural areas, the focus on entrepreneurship is built on fostering a culture of entrepreneurship and encouraging the gradual expansion of locally based businesses. Rural areas' development and growth contribute to the creation of self-employment, the expansion of industrial and economic activities, and the best possible use of the local labor force and raw resources that are readily available there. Now-a-days For those who moved from rural or semi-urban areas to urban ones, rural entrepreneurship has emerged as a major possibility. The purpose of the study is to comprehend the main obstacles and possibilities that entrepreneurs may encounter in rural areas. A qualitative method was employed for the purpose of the study, where convenient and purposive sampling was used in choosing the respondents. A total population of small scale business operated in northern Taraba state were co-opted in which a sample of 30 respondents were selected from three local government areas from the zone. Content analysis was introduced in analyzing the responses gathered from the field. It has been discovered that rural entrepreneurs are facing a lot of challenges in spite of many opportunities. And it was found that a lack of government support was affecting the progress of entrepreneurship in rural areas of northern Taraba State. The study also recommends the urgent need for support for this category in order to contribute to the development of the nation.

Communicative Language Teaching in Libyan Secondary Schools: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Implementation Barries []


In order to meet the competency requirements of students, ESL/EFL teaching methodologies and approaches have been developed. Due to English's emergence as a global language in the 1990s, there was a surge in demand for EFL courses. Learning and teaching a foreign language are two different things. In order for communicative language teaching (CLT) to be successful, a new way of teaching languages must be developed that focuses on how we, as a society, may utilize the language to understand one another better. CLT is hardly used in the classroom, and task-based approaches have left a lasting influence on how English language education is being carried out.

Internal Control And Financial Performance Of Commercial Banks In Rwanda, A Case of Bank of Kigali []


Abstract: Background: This study sought to investigate the internal control and financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, a case of Bank of Kigali (BK). Specifically it looked at examining the effect of control environment, risk assessment, control activities, monitoring on financial performance of bank. The target population of this study was 62 employees of BK. Sample size of the study was 62 employees of Bank of Kigali working in different departments related to financial and accounting obtained by using universal sampling technique. Methods and Materials: In order to collect both primary and secondary data, questionnaires and document reviews were employed as the data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics and a multiple regression model were used as the data analysis tools. Results: The findings showed that the average net profit margin during the previous four years was 6.15 percent, the average return on assets over that time was 0.68 percent, and the average return on equity over that time was 4.9 percent. The results showed that the Bank of Kigali's risk assessment had a very high mean impact on its financial performance, at 4.34, and that the risk assessment's regression coefficients were significant (β1=0.574, p-value=0.028<0.05). The findings revealed that control activities in Bank of Kigali was at very high mean of 4.63 and also findings revealed that there is positive and significant moderate correlation between control activities and financial performance of Bank of Kigali at (ρ = 0.512*,sig=0.000<0.01). The findings show that regression of coefficients of control activities (β2=0.503,p-value=0.016<0.05). The findings revealed that the overall view of respondents on control environment in Bank of Kigali was at very high mean of 4.36 and also the study revealed that there is positive and significant regression of coefficients of control environment and financial performance of Bank of Kigali was β3=0.460, p-value=0.046<0.05. The results showed that respondents' perceptions of Bank of Kigali monitoring activities were generally very positive, with a mean score of 4.34. The study also showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between Bank of Kigali monitoring activities and financial performance, with a regression coefficient of β4=.232,p-value=0.048<0.05. Conclusion: The researcher recommends the BK establish a proper environment where internal controls are supported in order to improve commercial banks' performance. Keyword: Internal Control, Financial Performance, Commercial Banks In Rwanda, Bank of Kigali

INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN UGANDAN UNIVERSITIES. []


This study was conducted to examine how staff are motivated and how they perform duties at their work places in Universities in Uganda. A multi-dimensional questionnaire was used to collect data on both the independent and dependent variables of the study. The independent variable was predicted to have several sub-dimensions while the dependent variable that explained employee performance was uni-dimension. In conducting the study, the data was collected from both public and private universities that ONLY taught accredited courses. Universities teaching expired programmes as listed in NCHE website were excluded from the study. While selecting the participants for the study from the selected Universities the study considered staff gender, specialization, qualifications, academic levels, staff category and whether they were motivated or not as staff attributes. The general objective of the study was to analyze the factor structure of motivation that predicts employee performance among staff in universities.