Volume 12, Issue 4, April 2024 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication


EFFECT OF FLIPPED LEARNING INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT AND INTEREST IN ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC FOR SELF-EMPLOYMENT []


The study adopted quasi-experimental design. The study was carried out in technical colleges in Niger State. The population of the study consists of seven technical colleges in Niger State. The sample of study was two hundred and forty seven (247) TC II, Electrical/Electronic students in technical colleges in Niger State. Electrical/Electronic Achievement Test (EAT) and Electrical/Electronic Interest Scale (EIS) were used as the instrument. The two instruments were validated by three experts from the Department of Industrial and Technology Education, Federal University of Technology, Minna. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to compute results of the trial testing after test re-test instrument administration and the results indicated positive correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.88 for EAT and EIS respectively. The researcher administered the instrument with the help of two research assistants. Data for the study were collected through pre-test and posttest using the Electrical/Electronic Achievement Test (EAT) and the Electrical/Electronic Interest Scale (EIS). Data collected were analyzed using Mean and Standard Deviation to answer the two research questions while Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to test the two null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. From the findings, the study revealed that flipped learning instructional strategies enhances students’ achievement in Electrical/Electronic in technical schools more than the lecture method. The finding also revealed that flipped learning instructional strategies promotes students’ interest in Electrical/Electronic in technical schools more than the lecture method among others. The study therefore concluded that students’ poor achievement and interest in Electrical/Electronic informed the need for the study on the effect of flipped learning instructional strategies on students’ achievement and interest in Electrical/Electronic in Technical Colleges in Niger state.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF STUDENT SATISFACTION IN THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED E-SERVICE QUALITY AND TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE FACTORS ON STUDENTS’ RETENTION IN PRIVATE BUSINESS COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES []


Student retention is a aggressive device for Private Business Colleges and Universities. The increase and survival of agencies rely on how dependable and retention their college students are, and the schools and universities isn't any exception. Student retention has performed an essential function in accomplishing aggressive advantages. Student retention can boom their income, lessen charges and result in destiny revenue. The main drivers of pupil retention are provider pleasant, TAM elements and pupil delight. Therefore, this take a look at explores the connection amongst provider pleasant, TAM elements, pupil delight and pupil retention and determines the mediating impact of pupil delight on courting among provider pleasant, TAM elements and pupil retention in E-getting to know in Myanmar Private Business Colleges and Universities. The SERVQUAL version and TAM version are an essential tool used to measuring provider pleasant and recognition and delight approximately the E-getting to know in Myanmar Private Business Colleges and Universities. The take a look at covered each number one and secondary data. Convenience sampling technique and a quantitative studies method have been used to acquire facts from 610 respondents. Firstly, provider pleasant and TAM elements have a high quality courting with pupil retention. Secondly, pupil delight has a high quality courting with pupil retention. Finally, pupil delight partly mediate the connection among provider pleasant, TAM elements and pupil retention. Plausible motives for the effects are mentioned in the context of the take a look at. Both realistic and theoretical contributions, in addition to guidelines for destiny studies made.

Students’ Use of Smartphones and their Writing Skills []


ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the impact of students' use of smartphones and their writing skills on the Bachelor of Elementary Education and Bachelor of Secondary Education at Southern Philippines College, school year 2023-2024. The data was collected through a survey and a test questionnaire as research instruments. Using a simple random sampling method to calculate the sample size, with the 300 estimated overall enrolled education students, the researchers targeted 60 respondents of the students enrolled in this school year. The researcher conducted a descriptive-correlation summary with the adapted rubrics given by the evaluator and processed and analyzed the data with the following statistics: the mean percentage and the statistical tool that determined the relationship between the students' use of smartphones and their writing skills. The results of the study revealed that smartphone usage did not affect their writing skills. Specifically, the spelling and grammar still have no difference in whether they were used over time. Keywords: smartphone, writing skills, spelling, grammar

Quel nouveau dispositif pour la formation initiale des professeurs des écoles à l’IFERE en Union des Comores ? []


Le but de cet article est de décrire le nouveau dispositif de FIDPE en Union des Comores et ses caractéristiques saillantes qui sous-tendent son élaboration. Cette description se poursuit en référence à l’évolution de la politique éducative comorien qui lui a donné sa spécificité. Elle se focalise sur la mission de l’IFERE, sur les profils d’entrée et de sortie, le corps professoral et sur les soubassements théoriques de ce dispositif. Ce dernier se veut un dispositif professionnalisant susceptible de contribuer au développement de compétences professionnelles et de composantes identitaires professionnelles chez les stagiaires comme gage d’efficacité d’une école résolument tournée vers l’avenir.

Students’ Perceived Service Quality on Behavioral Intentions with Mediating Role of Satisfaction and Perceived Employability Skills of Private Business Colleges and Universities in Myanmar []


Students’ Perceived Service Quality on Behavioral Intentions with Mediating Role of Satisfaction and Perceived Employability Skills of Private Business Colleges and Universities in Myanmar

INVESTIGATING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CLOTHING CHOICES ON WEARER'S MOOD, CONFIDENCE, AND BEHAVIOUR []


Abstract This study investigates the psychological effects of clothing choices on mood, confidence, and behavior among individuals in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Employing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were conducted to explore the influence of fashion on psychological states. The research reveals a consensus among participants regarding the significant impact of clothing choices on mood, confidence, and behavior, with attributes such as color, style, and fit playing crucial roles. Symbolic meanings associated with clothing items were found to contribute significantly to psychological effects experienced by wearers. Individual differences such as personality traits, self-esteem, and cultural influences were identified as moderators in the relationship between clothing choices and psychological outcomes. The findings underscore the need for interventions promoting positive psychological well-being through mindful clothing selection. Recommendations include integrating clothing selection into mental health interventions, developing educational programs, promoting diversity in fashion representation, encouraging self-reflection, supporting longitudinal research, addressing socioeconomic barriers, fostering inclusive spaces, and promoting positive body image. Implementation of these recommendations can facilitate a supportive and empowering relationship between clothing choices and psychological well-being, benefiting individuals across diverse demographics and fashion preferences. Key words: Clothing choices, Psychological effects, Mood, Confidence, Behavior, Symbolic meaning, Individual differences, and Intervention

1. EXPLORING HOW INDIVIDUALS USE FASHION AS A MEANS OF SELF- EXPRESSION AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION []


Abstract This study focuses on exploring how individuals use fashion as a means of self-expression and identity construction. By doing so, the researcher deems it necessary to find out how the individuals perceive fashion as a tool for self-expression, find out the factors that influence fashion choices in the context of identity construction, and how the individuals use fashion to communicate their identities to others. From the study, fashion is perceived as a powerful tool for self-expression by individuals. It allows the individuals to communicate aspects of their personality, values, and beliefs to others. Fashion enables individuals to showcase their uniqueness and creativity, allowing them to stand out and differentiate themselves from others. A descriptive research design was used in this study. The data was collected once from the study participants. The research approach that was used is the qualitative research approach to explore the relationship between exploring how individuals use fashion as a means of self-expression and identity construction. The population of the study comprised the fashion designers and selected individuals in the Ho Municipality. The sample size of this research was made up of 50 individuals. The target population for this study was the fashion designers and inhabitants in the Ho Municipality. Stratified random sampling was used to select the participant as a sample for the study. From the study, it was found out that Personal experiences, cultural background, and social influences shape how individuals perceive and utilize fashion for self-expression. Fashion is widely perceived as a significant tool for self-expression by individuals. Different individuals perceive fashion in diverse ways, ranging from a means of showcasing creativity to a reflection of personal values and identity. The perception of fashion as a tool for self-expression can vary across cultures, age groups, and social contexts. Personal preferences, values, and beliefs play a significant role in influencing fashion choices for identity construction. In addition, the study has it that, clothing choices, accessories, and personal grooming contribute to the overall impression and message individuals convey through fashion. Finally, non-verbal cues and symbolic meanings associated with fashion items are used to communicate specific identities or social messages. Keywords: fashion, self-identity, identity construction, self-expression, designer, cultural identity.

A Novel Concept: Towards Solving the Starshot Nanocraft Propulsion Problem - The Concentric Diamond Beam Concept []


This paper presents a concept on ultra-high-power scaling capable of producing adequate laser beam power as the wind for propelling nanocrafts for intergalactic sails. The Concentric Diamond Beam (CDB) concept was conceptualized and developed with focus on the power requirement of the maiden starshot nanocraft propulsion project. In its simplest form, the concept involves beamlet sources arranged in concentric circles with optimal fill factor to ensure constructive interference at the far field. The concept consists of 33 equations derived to predict real world values of concept parameters required for early stage engineering and programming. Among others, the method makes it possible to determine the optimal number of beam arms for each ring, the distance covered by the nano-spacecraft, the angles at which beams from each ring should be shot to converge and the minimum distance of the clearing beam from the nanocraft. The clearing beam precedes the pushing beam to sweep the pathway for smooth sail. With eight underpinning assumptions, the concept aims at developing a novel approach that can generate adequate wind of propulsion to push nanocrafts to Prima Centauri b and other exoplanets in nearby galaxies. The concept will also be useful as a design for the construction of ultra-high-power laser missile defense systems.

L’évaluation des compétences professionnelles dans le cadre des stages organisés à l’IFERE en Union des Comores. []


Cet article vise à évaluer le niveau de sentiment de compétence professionnelle chez les étudiants-maîtres de l’IFERE. Pour ce faire, nous avons opté pour une méthode quantitative par le biais d’un questionnaire de 21 items. Les résultats ont indiqué que sur les huit compétences professionnelles évaluées en 6 dimensions, les étudiants-maîtres ont affiché d’une façon générale un sentiment de compétence élevé sur les 6 compétences et un sentiment de compétence faible sur les 2 compétences. Ce sont l’évaluation formative et la pratique réflexive, d’où l’urgence de promouvoir un dispositif favorisant des activités liées à ces deux compétences pour améliorer les stages de terrain.

Assessment of production and profitability of stocking sizes and densities of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for small–scale pond culture in Ghana []


The present study evaluated growth and profitability of culturing monosex male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different stocking densities and sizes in ponds. Two stocking sizes (2 and 10 g) and densities (3 and 6 fish/m2) were evaluated at Aquaculture Research and Development Centre of CSIR-Water Research Institute, Akosombo, Ghana. Two factorial designs had four treatments (T), each replicated two times, as follows: 2 grams at 3 fish/m2 (T1), 2 g at 6 fish/m2 (T2), 10 g at 3 fish/m2 (T3) and 10 g at 6 fish/m2 (T4). Results show that both stocking size and density independently had significant effects on final weight, condition factor, weight gain, specific growth rate and fish survival. Evaluated 154 days after stocking, highest to least final mean weights were 195.0 ± 18.5 g (T3), 181.7 ± 16.3 g (T1), 153.3 ± 27.5 g (T4), and 152.2 ± 18.8 g (T2). These mean final weights among the treatments were significantly different (P < 0.05) except for T2 and T4. The four options are ranked from the most to least profitable based on profitability and scenario analysis using different assumptions for market demand and price premiums for bigger tilapia: (1) rearing fingerlings at 2 g at 3 fish/m2 (T1) giving 38-76% profit margin or return to variable costs; (2) 2 g at 6 fish/m2 (T2) giving 50% profit margin; (3) 10 g at 3 fish/m2 (T3) giving 12 – 42% profit margin; and (4) 10 g at 6 fish /m2 (T4) giving 9 % profit margin.

Consumer buying behavior towards counterfeit brands in Sri Lanka: The role of social and personality factors []


Abstract Globally prevalent, counterfeit goods provide serious difficulties for governments, companies, and consumers alike. This study looks at the variables affecting Sri Lankan consumers' decisions about buying fake footwear. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a theoretical framework that the paper employs to explain how customers' intentions and behaviors are shaped by their cognitive and emotional processes. A convenience sample of 474 Sri Lankan respondents who answered a structured questionnaire is used in this article. To evaluate the hypotheses and the mediation effects, Hayes's PROCESS macro and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The findings demonstrated that moral duty had a large negative impact on the intention to purchase counterfeit shoes, whereas attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control had significant favorable impacts. The study also discovered that while perceived behavioral control had a direct impact on behavior, attitude, subjective norm, and moral responsibility had mediated their impacts on behavior via intention. The ramifications of these results for theory, practice, and policy are also covered in this work. It makes recommendations for future study approaches, such as examining the significance of other psychological aspects including self-identification, social identity, and perceived danger as well as contrasting consumer attitudes about counterfeit shoes across various geographies, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic classes. Keywords: Counterfeit shoes, Consumer behavior, Theory of Planned Behavior, Social factors, Personality Factors, Purchase intention

Biogas production using appropriate biodegradable wastes: Strength and Weakness []


The biogas production was investigated using four substrates in this study. Out of which two shows the potential of co-digestion systems involving animal manures and agricultural wastes for bioenergy efficiency. The raw wastes were cow dung, cow dung and maize cob as substrates, poultry manure and beans hull and lastly Pig manure. The microbial communities involved in the anaerobic digestion process were identified. The temperature and pressure within the first phase of digester ranged from 280C to 36.50C and from 0.3-1.6 bar respectively. The digester of the second phase had a temperature, pressure and volume of 27 to 32OC, 0.1 to 2.0 bar, and 310cm3 respectively. At third phase of the study, the digester had a temperature of 27-33OC, and a pressure of 0.1-1.5 bar. While the fourth phase study had a temperature of 27- 35OC, a pressure range of 0.1 to 2.0 bar, and volume of 330cm3. There was optimum biogas production on the twenty- second day, with a temperature of 35OC, pressure of 1.8 bar, and volume of 210 cm3. The flammability of the biogas was confirmed by the presence of methane, but the presence of hydrogen sulfide lowered the heating value and efficiency of the biogas with poultry and pig manure substrates. The studies suggested that co-digestion and pretreatment of animal manures and agricultural wastes is a promising technique for sustainable waste management and renewable energy production, but further research is needed to optimize the process parameters and remove the hydrogen sulfide from the biogas for efficiency. Keywords: Biogas, Biodegradable wastes, Digester, Microorganisms and Efficiency

A MULTIMEDIA BASED E-LEARNING SYSTEM FOR AN INSTITUTION []


E-Learning is the perfect way to gain knowledge in different multimedia form such as text, graphics, sounds, animations and videos which helps to convey adequate and substantial information. The objective of this research is to create a platform for fast and efficient learning of the students and to ease the stress and workload of both the students and the lecturers in general. The motivation that created this study is the way e-learning has gained more ground in this present age and have made learning easier, efficient and less stressful. The data used to develop this system was collected through the internet. The methodology employed in this study is the Structured System Analysis and Design (SSADM) methodology. The system was implemented using PHP and MySQL was used for the database. The developed system makes learning easier, efficient and effective for all 100 level computer science students.

Theoretical Gap and Significance of Job Satisfaction and Supportive Work Culture in the State-Owned Bus Transportation Services in Ghana: Evaluation of the Structural Equation Model in Algorithm []


This research findings elaborates on the results of a SmartPLS that teaches how research data can be configured and run for analysis. The essence of this research is to evaluate the transport sector of Ghana through structural equation modelling. First of all, it confirms by adding knowledge to the previous theories who argued that there are relationships between Good Governance, Supportive Work Culture, and Job Satisfaction. Sandika et al., (2016) concluded that there is positive relationship between Good Governance and Job Satisfaction. Whereas Koh and Boo, (2004) concluded that there is positive significance linking Good Governance on ethical cultures and Job Satisfcation. Adkisson and McFerrin (2014) stated that there is strong relationship between Good Governance and Work Culture. Whereas, Amos and Weathington (2008) argued that when an institution is positive in work culture it affects satisfaction of employees, job commitment with organisational good governance practice.

AGILE PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN GASABO DISTRICT, KIGALI, RWANDA []


Agile project management practices have gained widespread popularity in recent years as a means of managing complex projects across various industries with roots in software development. As governments seek to address environmental challenges, the rise of smart cities has become a prominent trend. Rwanda has launched the Smart Waste Collection and Management project as part of its smart cities initiative to minimize waste. However, implementing such complex projects has been a significant challenge. This study, guided by complexity and shared mental models theories, aims to examine the contribution of agile project management practices to the performance of Smart Waste Collection and Management project in Gasabo District, Kigali, Rwanda. Specifically, the study aims to achieve three objectives: determining how iterative practices affect project performance, investigating the relationship between project group dynamics and performance, and analyzing the extent to which stakeholder collaboration affects project performance. The research designs adopted for this study are descriptive and correlational research design and quantitative data gathered using a questionnaire while qualitative information gathered using interview. The study used census sampling technique because the population is relatively small to carry out sampling, the target population was composed of 52 respondents that have something to do with the project including project staff, and beneficiaries in Gasabo District. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques such means and standard deviations. Analysis of quantitative data computed using SPSS version 27.0 whereas data gathered using interviews analyzed thematically using content analysis. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) also done for the purpose of testing correlation between variables. The results indicated p=0.000<0.05 which indicates that there is a significant moderate relationship between iterative practices and the performance of the project. Model summary results of a regression analysis between project group dynamics and project performance are a value of R of 0.911, R Square of 0.829, and an adjusted R Square of 0.826 indicate that project group dynamics indicated by project team autonomy, face to face conversations and collective decision making increase the performance of Smart Waste Collection & Management project by 82.6%. Findings show analysis of variance between independent variable and dependent variable whereby F-test is positive 326.356 and p value of 0.000<0.05 indicates that active stakeholder collaboration is good predictor of performance of the project. Results showed that the objectives of the study had been achieved which is evidence to bridge of identified gap on existence of the study on effect of iterative practices, project group dynamics and stakeholder collaboration on project performance in Rwanda. Hence, the research gap was filled as the study was successfully completed.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY IN CHINA AND SOUTH AFRICAN []


This comparative legal analysis delves into the intricate frameworks of industrial democracy in China and South Africa, unraveling the multifaceted dimensions that govern worker rights, participation, and collective bargaining. Against the backdrop of evolving global labor dynamics, this study scrutinizes the legal foundations and practical manifestations of industrial democracy within these two contrasting jurisdictions. Drawing upon international legal instruments, national constitutions, labor laws, and judicial precedents, the research elucidates the distinctive pathways carved by China and South Africa in fostering workplace democracy. By dissecting key legal provisions and scrutinizing case law, the analysis discerns nuances in worker empowerment, dispute resolution mechanisms, and enforcement strategies. Despite divergent historical trajectories and socio-economic landscapes, both nations face common challenges in safeguarding industrial democracy, including legal barriers, socio-political dynamics, and socio-economic inequalities. In light of these findings, the study proposes targeted legal reforms and policy recommendations tailored to the specific contexts of China and South Africa, while also advocating for the adoption of global best practices. Ultimately, this research contributes to the scholarly discourse on industrial democracy, offering insights into the intersection of law, labor, and social justice in a rapidly changing world.Keywords: industrial democracy, comparative legal analysis, worker rights, China, South Africa

MICRONUTRIENTS AND ANTINUTRIENTS OF ZOBO CALYCES OF THE FLOWER PLANT (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA). []


ABSTRACT The flower calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle), commonly known as Zobo, is in high demand globally because of its polyphenol content, which is concentrated in the flower calyx. The dried calyces, which may be a good source of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive substances such as organic acids, phytosterols, and polyphenols, are of commercial significance to Roselle growers. After the minerals value of the calyces were cleansed, liberated of foreign materials and crushed with a mixer grinder the antinutrient and micronutrient (minerals and vitamins) contents of Zobo calyces of the floral plant Hibiscus sabdariffa were assessed using established procedures. Calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), copper (Cu2+), iron (Fe2+), magnesium (Mg2+), manganese (Mn2+), and phosphorous (P+) were found in the calyces sample by the micronutrients test. Calcium (Ca+) had the highest concentration and zinc (Zn2+) had the lowest concentration in the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa, with 4698.348 mg/kg and 0.76 mg/kg, respectively. The presence of fat-soluble vitamin D, as well as two water-soluble vitamins B and C was also discovered. Vitamin D levels were determined to be 18.26 mg/100g, 4.11 mg/100g for vitamin B1, and 13.24 mg/100g for vitamin C. Antinutrients such phenol, glycosides, saponin, tannin, terpenes, and steroids were also tested, with results ranging from 0.187 percent to 0.0013 percent. The results revealed that the calyces contain a significant amount of micronutrients, vitamins, and antinutrients. Roselle Calyces drinks should be consumed on a regular basis because they are safe, natural, and nutritional. Keywords: Antinutrients, micronutrients, minerals, vitamins, calyces, Roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Zobo † Corresponding author

WEBSITE PHISHING DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM []


Phishing attacks cost internet users and organization billions of dollars every year and has become a rapidly growing threat in the cyberspace. It is illegal to gather sensitive information from consumers through a number of social engineering techniques such as Email, instant messaging, pop-up messages, web pages, and other forms of communication can all be used to identify phishing tactics. This work offers a model that can determine whether a URL link is legitimate or phishing. The data set used for the classification was sourced from the University of New Brunswick dataset bank, which has a collection of benign, spam, phishing, malware, and defacement URLs, as well as from an open-source service called "Phish Tank," which contains phishing URLs in multiple formats such as CSV, JSON, etc. Phishing URLs are identified using deep neural network models. This paper create a web application software that can easily identify phishing URLs from a database of more than 10,000 URLs that have been randomly selected, divided into 50% training samples and 50% testing samples, and have up to 24,442 phishing and 5000 legitimate URLs. To distinguish between legal and phishing URLs, the URL dataset is trained and tested using feature selections like address bar-based features, domain-based features, HTTPS& JavaScript-based features. The result offered a strategy for categorizing URLs into real and phishing URLs by authenticating every link that is sent to them.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Ecological Sustainability in Ghana []


Abstract This study conveys an empirical investigation of the link between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and envi-ronmental sustainability in Ghana, covering the period 1970–2021. Concerns about environmental degradation have arisen as Ghana's economy grows and FDI inflows increase. To evaluate the influence of FDI on CO2 emissions, the research uses a robust econometric framework that includes Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) regression ap-proaches, as well as T-bound and F-bound tests. The findings show a substantial positive relationship between FDI inflows, GDP growth, population growth, and increased CO2 emissions, indicating that economic benefits are accompanied by environmental issues, which supports the pollution haven theory. By exploring these pro-cesses, the research sheds light on the complexity of sustainable development in Ghana's rising economy.

EFFECT OFTEACHERS’MOTIVATIONONPUPILS’ACADEMICACHIEVEMENT: A CASE OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN RUSIZI DISTRICT- RWANDA []


This present study explored the effect of teachers ‘motivation on pupils’ academic achievement in public primary schools in Rusizi district- Rwanda. The researcher targeted public primary schools staff from eight selected schools from Rusizi District. Correlational research design using quantitative and qualitative approach was adopted for the study targeted 153 persons from selected public primary schools in Rusizi District and sampled 111 respondents as sample size. The simple random sampling technique was used. The data was collected using pretested questionnaires and interview. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics aided by Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 21. From the findings, this study revealed that almost a half of respondents agreed that teachers’ incentives affect pupils ‘academic achievement in public primary schools when school offers rewards to teachers according to their level of achievement and when the school provide financial incentives to the teacher which influence their performance. The study recommends that management of schools should adopt performance-based pay, by compensating employees based on their productivity and job performance which is expected to motivate employees more and to align their behavior towards improving performance and output. Key words: Motivation, academic achievement, rewards, incentives and performance appraisal

THE NEUTRALIZING EFFECT OF THE METHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF ANNONNA MURICATA ON SNAKE VENOM IN FEMALE MICE PUTTING INTO CONSIDERATION ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, LETHARGIC EFFECT, AND HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS []


Annona muricata is a plant that has several medicinal properties, however, there is a dearth of scientific information on antivenom activities. This study therefore focused on the neutralizing activities of the methanolic leaf extract of A. muricata against Naja nigricollis venom toxicity in mice. seventy-three mice divided into three research subgroups were used for this study (anti-inflammatory, lethargic, and hematology). For the anti-inflammatory study, fifteen female albino Wistar mice weighing between 22-29g were randomly divided into five groups. Group A was the control group Group B received 600mg/kg of N.nigricollis only while Groups C, D, and E received 600mg/kg of N.nigricollis and 100,200 and 600mg/kg of MAM respectively. The result revealed a significant increase in the paw diameter in Groups B when compared to the control group, while groups C-E had a significant decrease. In the study for the lethargic effect,28 albino female Wistar mice were grouped into 5. Groups A-D were administered the Ld50 of Naja nigricollis and 150mg/kg,300mg/kg,600mg/kg, and 1200mg/kg respectively of MAM. The result revealed that there was a significant decrease in mortality rate depending on the doses administered. For hematology, 30 female Wistar mice were allocated into the six groups, Group A was the Negative control, and Group B was envenomed with 600mg/kg of N.nigricollis, with no treatment. Group C-F was envenomed with 600mg/kg of N.nigricollis and given 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg, and 800mg/kg respectively. The result showed that A. muricata does not have any impact on hematological parameters.