Volume 12, Issue 9, September 2024 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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THE ROLE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION REDUCTION []


Urban waste management and pollution control are critical issues facing modern cities, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. The traditional linear economy's take-make-dispose model exacerbates environmental degradation, resource depletion, and pollution. The circular economy offers a sustainable alternative, emphasizing waste prevention, recycling, and resource recovery to create resilient urban environments. This paper investigates the potential of the circular economy to enhance waste management and reduce pollution in Nigeria's urban areas. It contrasts the linear economy with the circular model, highlighting the benefits of waste reduction, product life extension, and resource recovery. Key principles such as reduce, reuse, and recycle are examined to demonstrate their effectiveness in improving sustainability. Through case studies of Amsterdam and Bangalore, the paper identifies best practices and strategies that can be adapted to Nigeria. Amsterdam’s success in policy support, innovation, and public engagement, alongside Bangalore’s integration of the informal sector and community involvement, provide valuable lessons. These examples illustrate how comprehensive policies, collaborative efforts, and technological innovations can drive circular economy initiatives. The paper also addresses current challenges in Nigeria, including inadequate infrastructure, economic and policy barriers, and low public awareness. It proposes implementation strategies such as policy development, infrastructure investment, public education, and economic incentives to promote circular economy practices. The findings suggest that adopting a circular economy can lead to significant environmental, economic, and social benefits, including reduced pollution, conservation of resources, cost savings, job creation, and improved public health. Keywords: Circular Economy; Linear Economy; Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Waste Management and Pollution

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINED FACILITY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN NIGERIA []


ABSTRACT: Performance indicators are vital tools for assessing the efficacy of sustained facilities management maintenance strategies in upholding public infrastructure. These metrics offer quantifiable insights into various facets of infrastructure performance. This research investigates the influence of sustained facility maintenance management approaches on public infrastructure performance in Nigeria. The study utilized a survey design, employing questionnaires, interviews, and observations at Adonke Ameasaka International Stadium in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, and Godswill Akpabio International Stadium in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Through purposive sampling, 67 questionnaires were distributed, with 51 retrieved, constituting 82.3% of the total population and ensuring adequate representation. Quantitative data were analyzed using statistical tools like the relative importance index (RII), mean score, percentage, and frequency, while qualitative data underwent thematic coding and content analysis to corroborate findings on the relationship between maintenance protocols and infrastructure performance. The study underscores the tangible benefits of sustained facilities management maintenance, including prolonged asset lifespan, reduced lifecycle costs, heightened reliability and safety, improved operational efficiency, enhanced public satisfaction, support for economic growth, and compliance with standards. Additionally, it delineates various dimensions of public infrastructure performance indicators, such as asset condition index (ACI), downtime, maintenance costs, safety metrics, customer satisfaction, energy efficiency, and lifecycle management. These indicators positively impact asset condition, operational efficiency, safety, compliance, user satisfaction, and overall infrastructure performance, underlining the crucial link between maintenance and infrastructure performance. Therefore, prioritizing maintenance excellence enables public authorities to optimize infrastructure performance, maximize asset value, and ensure sustainable infrastructure management in Nigeria. Key Words: Facilities Management, Performance Indicators, Public Infrastructure, Sustained Maintenance, Tangible Benefits.

The Critical Role of Parallelism and Multicore Processors in Advancing High-Level Programming Practices []


This paper explores the pivotal role of parallelism and multicore processors in advancing high-level programming practices. It examines how the transition from single core to multicore architectures has driven the need for new programming models that effectively manage parallel execution. Key challenges such as thread contention, memory consistency, and debugging in parallel environments are discussed alongside the evolution of high-level languages that abstract these complexities. Additionally, the paper addresses broader implications, including security risks, ethical considerations, and the need for sustainable computing practices. As parallelism becomes integral to modern computing, these challenges highlight the importance of continued innovation in programming models, tools, and education. The findings emphasise that balancing computational power with ethical and sustainable practices is crucial for the future of parallel computing.

MOBILE FINANCIAL SERVICE INDUSTRY & DIGITIZATION IN BANGLADESH []


This report focuses on Nagad Ltd. and analyzes how digitalization has affected mobile financial services (MFS) in Bangladesh. It examines the rapidly expanding MFS sector, evaluates the provider lifecycle, and describes the competitive environment. The paper then delves deeply into Nagad's performance, crediting it to their astute use of digital tools across the board. Financial fraud and interoperability are two challenges that are addressed. The research concludes by examining MFS's future in Bangladesh and how it might affect both traditional banking and the drive toward financial inclusion.

DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME FORAGE GRASS CULTIVATED FOR BEEF FEED IN THE PERI-URBAN ZONE OF THE DISTRICT OF BAMAKO IN MALI []


RESUME Introduction : les cultures fourragères apparaissent comme une meilleure alternative pour alimenter les bétails dont les effectifs ont beaucoup augmenté en Afrique et dans le monde. L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser la composition chimique de quelques herbacées fourragères selon les pratiques et au moment de la distribution de l’aliment. Matériel et méthodes : il s’agissait d’une étude descriptive portant sur la composition chimique de quelques herbacées et de légumineuses. Neuf graminées et quatorze légumineuses ont été identifiées chez les agro-éleveurs de la zone d’étude. Les données collectées auprès de 14 agro-éleveurs sur cinq axes autour de Bamako  ont été analysées avec le Microsoft Excel.

ANALYTICAL METHOD TO CHECK DISTORSION OF THE SEA WATER DYKE-2A UNDER WAVE SLAMMING PRESSURE ON THE UPSTREAM SIDE . []


Mainland India has a very long coastal boundary spreading from Sundarban West Bengal in the eastern coast to Sir Creek Gujarat in the western coast with many creeks through which sea water keeps moving up and down 2 times a day due to diurnal tide cycle.Islands are also formed between these creeks since prehistoric days where sizable fisherman population live for centuries.During British rule, these coastal areas were protected by crude earthen dykes whose main objective was to stop daily tidal surge so that salt water doesn't spoil the agricultural land.But these earthen dykes miserably fail due to slamming sea waves when cyclonic weather prevails in the area and huge waves are generated due to Low pressure and bad weather condition with high wind. Author in this paper has first quantified the slamming pressure based on incoming wave height,dyke slope and resulting impact pressure on the sloping dyke an approach propagated by Fuhrboter and Sparboom formula (1986) which later in 2009 was modified by Stanczak. Thereafter the author proposed developing a High performance engineered soil(H.P.E.S) composition using the soil from the existing dyke mixed with coarse sand in specific volumetric proportion.This HPES mix can further be strengthened using small quantity of cementing materials like flyash/lime etc to increase its ShearStrength and Cohesion value.Three simulated Triaxial tests(CD without pore water pressure Fig-1) were developed and analyzed in Ansys Work Bench with these 3 HPES composition to generate 3 Mohr circles with three sets of Lateral Pressure(Sigma 3) and gradual increase of Vertical Pressure(Sigma 1)from a very small value10Pa till 50000Pa in 10000 steps on 3 soil models of diameter 15 cm and depth30cm. From this Ansys simulation and 3 Mohr circles developed from the results using 3 maximum normal Stress results (sigma-1) and 3 lateral stresses assumed values as sigma-3 ,total failure envelope can be generated from which we can get Cohesion and angle Φ of the core soil.Modulus of Elasticity of the Coresoil was assumed based on various Literature and published papers(1 to 4).Finally, an AnsysWB model is developed using thefinal HPES composition as Core Soil protected all round by Plain Concrete Blocks of grade15Mpa(Fck) various sizes 1.5mx3.13mx0.8m(Bottom 2 layers on the Slope) and smaller lengths(1.75m/1.25m above 5mSWL) keeping the width as 1.5m.This Ansys model is solved for design slamming pressure and static hydraulic pressure with 2m high wave , above still water level(Swl) which is 5 m above the toe level of the dyke to generate shear stress of the core soil and 80cm thick Armour layer at cross-section .At last, the compression and shear stress of the core soil in the sea water dyke model in Ansys workbench is checked with maximum shear strength of the HPES soil obtained from the failure envelope of the 3 mohr circles to draw the inference as to whether it is passing or not.Similarly,Compressive Stress,ShearStress of the PCC armour section is checked against the allowable stress limit of the M15 PCC and the design is okayed.A brief detail of construction methodology is also explained by the author in this paper. Here it is also explained by the author why he had opted for PCC armour instead of random rubble armour layer.

Biological control of Alternaria alternata leaf blight disease of Ashwagandha by Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus cereus and Trichoderma viride in in vitro []


Abstract In this study, Ashwagandha leaf blight was caused by Alternaria alternata (Accession No. MT573410) (Fr.) Keissler. is one of the most destructive and widespread diseases of crop plants such as medicinal plants. The Maximum percentage of disease incidence was recorded at 77.53 %) in the Natore district. In this experiment, two antagonistic bacteria Pseudomonas putida (Accession no. MT573409) and bacillus cereus (Accession no. JUBN1MH741259) which were isolated and identified in this research and one antagonistic fungus Trichoderma viride (Accession no. BTV N2) had been used as bio control agents (BCA) and plant growth-promoting properties Indole Acetic acid (IAA), HCN, Siderophore and six lytic enzymes (amylase, cellulose, chitinase, lipase, protease and pectinase) had been found from these three BCA in in vitro condition through color change and appearance of clear zones. Along with different BCA combination treatments there had been seven treatments (T1-T7) in different doses (1-5ml) applied for both in-vitro experiments. From the above-mentioned treatments, the percentage of inhibition T4 (P. putida + B. cereus) and T6 (B. cereus + T. viride) showed nearly similar results to antagonized the pathogens of root rot (91.0%, 90.03%) respectively compared to control (T0) in in vitro experiments. Among all the tested bio control agents inhibition varied from 67.16 to 91.0% in dual culture tests. In vitro bio assay for antifungal activities of bio control agent against A.alternata (Accession no. MT573410). Among these Pseudomonas putida and Trichoderma viride showed strong antifungal activity against A. alternata (56.47 %, 50.97 % respectively than Bacillus cereus 39.91%). The selected BCA has the potential to be developed as a biological control against A.alternata and also as an alternative for management.

Processus de construction de la connaissance dans les théories d’apprentissage []


Résumé La littérature sur l’apprentissage constitue un domaine riche et complexe de la psychologie et de l’éducation. Au fil des décennies, les chercheurs ont développé un éventail de théories visant à comprendre les processus et les mécanismes d’apprentissage et de changement comportements. Ces théories offrent des perspectives variées sur les stratégies d’apprentissage des individus, les facteurs qui influent sur leur apprentissage et les méthodes les plus efficaces pour faciliter ce processus. Dans cet article, nous explorerons quelques-unes des principales théories d’apprentissage, en mettant en lumière leurs concepts clés, leurs approches distinctes, leur évolution. Abstract: Literature on learning is a diversified and complex domain within psychology and education field. Over the decades, researchers have developed several theories aiming at understanding the underlying processes involved in gaining knowledge, skills, and behaviours. These theories provide various perspectives on learning strategies for individuals, factors influencing learning, and the most effective methods to facilitate this process. In this article, I will explore several key theories of learning, highlighting their core concepts, distinct approaches, and evolution.

THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY IN CURBING SECURITY CHALLENGES AND UNEMPLOYMENT THROUGH TECHNICAL EDUCATION []


This research examines the role of environmental science and technology in addressing Nigeria's security challenges and high unemployment rates through technical education. Nigeria faces significant security issues, including resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and the impacts of climate change, which exacerbate social instability and conflict. Concurrently, the country struggles with high unemployment, driven by skill gaps and environmental impacts on key sectors such as agriculture and fisheries. This paper explores how integrating environmental science and technology into technical education can offer innovative solutions to these challenges. Key areas of focus include renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, waste management, and environmental monitoring. By developing relevant curricula and enhancing educational opportunities, technical education can create employment opportunities, stimulate economic growth, and improve environmental management. The research identifies key challenges such as funding constraints, limited access to education, and the need for supportive policies, and offers recommendations to overcome these barriers. These include increasing investment in education, expanding access to training, and fostering public-private partnerships. The findings highlight the potential for technical education to drive sustainable development and contribute to national security and economic stability. Keywords: Environmental science, technology, security challenges, unemployment, technical education, renewable energy, sustainable.

ASSESSMENT OF URBAN FORMS IN PAKISTAN []


The research addresses the challenges in urban planning at a neighborhood level for the newly arriving and frequently in transit population in selected urban forms of Lahore and aims to understand the relationship between the physical layout of the neighborhood and the social cohesion among the residents. The study uses spatial analysis to understand the unique physical features of the urban forms while studying the people’s behavior by an observation analysis. The experiences of the residents are addressed through qualitative analysis, which provides insight into various sociocultural aspects. Sustainable living and well-being are key indicators for happy residents of a city. The research, therefore, seeks to re-introduce the concept of community living, and contribute knowledge on creating a sustainable, livable, socially cohesive city. As a multicultural city, Lahore’s population is seeing a booming increase, and as the pressure of this influx increases, a new approach to urban planning is required. A fresh, people-centric guideline is required.

Effect of Home-based Threshold inspiratory muscle training on Exertional dyspnea, Functional exercise tolerance and Quality of life among patents with COPD- Randomized controlled trial []


Abstract Background- This systematic review designed to investigate the effect of threshold muscle training on exertional dyspnea and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Method- Searched online databases including PubMed, Google scholar, APTA, Cochrane Library, randomized controlled trials that assessed the effects threshold IMT on exertional dyspnea in patients with COPD. Subgroup analysed interventions conventional breathing exercises and Threshold IMT. Outcome measurements by using Modified Borg Scale (MBS), 6 Minute Walk Test (6 MWT) and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ). Results- 21 studies were included for final analysis. On statistical analysis paired t-test, significance in the rate of perceived exertion, improvement in functional exercise tolerance and health related quality of life. The result shown Group B >Group A. Conclusion- This systematic review summarized Threshold IMT significant in COPD patients, there is an increase in exercise capacity, improvement in quality of life and decrease in dyspnea. Breathing exercises were found to be an effective tool for treating patients with COPD but no significant improvements on the QoL. Keywords COPD, QoL, Threshold IMT, DB, PLB, Borg scale, 6MWT, CCQ.

WORKS CARRIED OUT IN THE SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM AT THE NEW STAGE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEKISTAN AND THEIR RESULTS []


Since 2016, large-scale reforms have been implemented in the field of education as well as in all other sectors. In particular, regulatory legal documents aimed at the development of school education were adopted, major works were carried out to strengthen the material and technical base of the field. As a result, significant achievements were made. This article analyzes the reforms implemented in the field of education in the new stage of Uzbekistan's development and their results. Key words: school education, kindergarten, textbook, study guide, quality of education.

A study of the impact of gender differences in teacher distribution in the Sri Lankan education sector []


Abstract As used in sociology, feminism is the change in sex and gender roles within a community, organization, or group that emphasizes the feminine. It may also refer to accepting women into a profession or group that was previously predominately male. Sri Lanka has a high proportion of female teachers. In Sri Lanka, the number of female teachers working in government schools is three times that of male teachers. This gender imbalance in the education sector affects students in different ways. The main objective of this study was to find out the reasons for gender imbalance in teacher distribution and how gender imbalance in teacher distribution affects students’ educational achievement. The data was collected from 75 female teachers’ colleges, ten graduate female teachers, and ten graduate male teachers. In addition to the teachers, the data was collected from 20 female and 20 male students in grade 8. Five school principals were included in the sample. Questionnaires and interviews were the primary data collection tools. Qualitative data is analyzed thematically, and quantitative data is analyzed through percentages. Research found that most male and female teachers with degrees are unhappy with their profession. However, most females are happier with their careers than male teachers. Principals had more positive ideas about female teachers than male teachers about their work in the school, but they had some negatives because male teachers take some time off for personal reasons. The study reveals that gender inequalities in teacher roles do not affect student education, but students prefer female teachers for languages and male for math. The government should prioritize hiring male educators and improving working conditions and compensation. Keywords: Feminization, gender difference, teacher distribution, female teachers

Exome sequencing project of toque macaques (Macaca sinica) endemic to Sri Lanka reveal considerable deleterious amino acid mutations []


Macaques are one of the most widely used model organisms in biomedical research. Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis are currently being used for toxicology, HIV, diabetes, neuroscience and psychiatric and psychological disorder research. Macaques have been sequenced and studied in depth to understand the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between populations. But still a gap in knowledge remains for unexplored macaque populations such as the Sinica group. In this study for the very first time in scientific history, we sequenced the exome of toque macaques (M. sinica), an endemic island population of Sri Lanka. Here we found that M. sinica and M. thibetana cluster together and are closely related. Furthermore, the three distinct phylogenetic groupings of mulatta, fascicularis and sinica could be confirmed. We also found that M. sinica has a lower number of polymorphisms with respect to the reference genome M. mulatta signifying smaller and restricted population size of this species. Furthermore it was found that M.sinica has accumulated large number of deleterious mutations. M. sinica specific non-synonyous mutations were found to be related to genes involved in skeletal muscle formation. In conclusion our computational analyses it can be concluded that loss of genetic variation reduces the efficacy of natural selection and increases the expression of deleterious recessive mutations leading to the extinction of the species in the long run. Therefore, close attention should be paid to these endemic species to ensure their existence. Key words: M. sinica Polymorphism; Synonymous substitution; Non-synonymous substitution

ASSESSMENT OF SOME POTENTIAL RISKS AND HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ABANDONED MINES IN NASARAWA STATE, NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA []


Nasarawa state is known to be “Home of solid minerals” and the state is endowed with abundant mineral resources which makes it unique among it contemporaries in Nigeria. Almost all the Local Government Areas of the state are blessed with one form or the other kind of mineral resources and exploration and exploitation had been going on since the colonial era. But most of the sites at present are characterized by uncoordinated artisanal mining activities resulting in abandoning the mines. This work is aimed at assessing some potential risks and hazards associated with abandoned mines in Nasarawa state with the view to provide mitigation measures. Abandoned mining sites in Nasarawa state were identified, described and categorized into six (6) zones in the states namely; Awe zone (Azara, Dutsen Tsauni, Wuse), Keffi zone (Angwan Tudu, Angwan Mallam, Saura), Kokona zone ( Angwan Doka, Janjala-Mahanga), Nasarawa zone ( Udege, Agbalande, Agbogana), Nasarawa-Eggon zone (outskirt of Nasaarawa-Eggon town) and Wamba (outskirt of Wamba town). Nasarawa state is faced with varying degrees of risks/problems associated with abandoned mines and pits such as adverse physical, environmental and health consequences. These result in collapse and caving of pits causing injuries to people, livestock or wildlife that fall into it. The effects of such abandoned mines and other bad mining practices in the state may also be very detrimental to particularly the agrarian community of the State. The people also may suffer from various forms of health challenges such as skin diseases, cancer, cholera, silicosis and diarrhea. The current situation at many operational and abandoned mine sites indicates that the need for rehabilitation, reclamation, remediation and restoration are taken for granted. Therefore, government and various stakeholders have to vigorously execute the established legal, financial and technical procedures intended to ensure mine sites are reclaimed and returned to a socially and economically useful states, for agriculture, geo-tourism and sports after operations ceased as required by the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act,2007(NMMA)

POLICY AGAINST OUR RELIGIOUS VALUES AND TRADITIONS IMPLEMENTED DURING THE YEARS OF SOVIET AUTHORITY []


During the years of Soviet rule, not only material wealth was stolen from Uzbekistan, but also national and religious values and the scientific heritage of our scholars were attacked. This, in turn, had a painful impact on the spiritual life of Uzbekistan. This article analyzes the data on the attitude to our scholars’ scientific heritage and religious values during the years of Soviet rule and its consequences. Keywords: our great scholars, historic buildings, the religion of Islam, atheism, the Sovietization of our values.

Binary Complementarities of Pre-Colonial Yoruba Men and Women: Masculinity not an Intimidation []


In the traditional Yoruba society, women are of great importance. This paper argued that the position of women can never be overemphasized, even though the society is superficially patriarchal. The paper further posited that Yoruba men and women are not seen as opposites at all, but as complimentary. There is an adage in Yoruba that says “bi Okunrin rejo, bi Obinrin ba paa, ki ejo sati ma lo ni”. Meaning that if a man sees a snake and a woman kills it, all that matters is for the snake not to escape’’. This and many more related proverbs and wise sayings points to the binary complimentary between Yoruba man and woman in their relationship. The paper conclude that Yoruba people do not take the issue of women with gloves hand. Though male supremacy is projected by the patriarchal structure of the Yoruba society but men and women are seen as compliments. The paper conclude that men should recognize the endowed power, wisdom and prowess in women.

HEALTH CHALLENGES AMONG INDUSTRIAL WORKERS: A CASE STUDY OF NASHIK INDUSTRIAL AREA []


The health of industrial workers is an important aspect of occupational safety and public health. It is influenced by various factors including the nature of work, Labour conditions, threat to life, and the implementation of safety measures. Occupational Hazards of Industrial workers may lead to risk to life in the form of chemical, physical safety, biological, physical, and Ergonomic hazards. Companies should execute comprehensive security programs that include insurance to life, hazard communication, emergency response training plans, and regular security drills. It helps in creating a safety-conscious culture and reduces the risk of accidents. Regular assessment, training, and a commitment to continuous improvement are key components of a successful occupational health and safety program for the overall well-being of industrial workers.

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF ACID OXIDATION AND ACYLATION ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF CARBON NANOTUBES []


Outstanding properties such as high mechanical strength, flexibility and impressive electrical and thermal conductivity makes carbon nanotubes (CNTs) attractive candidates in the field of nanotechnology. However, the as-grown carbon nanotubes are not compatible with surfaces of materials and are therefore functionalized to enhance surface wettability and improve compatibility. Unfortunately, functionalization creates deformities on the external and internal surface morphologies of the CNTs. This research is aimed at investigating the effects of acid oxidation and acylation on the surface morphology of carbon nanotubes. In acid oxidation about 50 mg of CNTs is added to a mixture of concentrated HNO 3 /H 2 SO 4 solution (3:1) ratio and ultrasonicated for one hour at 60 °C, batch washed with distilled water until a neutral solution was obtained, resulting sample dried for four hours at 150 °C. In acylation, about 50 mg of the acid oxidized CNTs was mixed with 50 ml of thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and two drops of dimethylformamide (DMF) and refluxed at 40 °C for 24 h under nitrogen. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images of as-produced CNTs reveals bundles of well aligned CNTs before functionalization and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy images revealed deformed sites on their morphologies. Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Functionalization, Acid oxidation, Acylation, deformities

SEROPREVALENCE OF VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C AMONG BLOOD DONORS AT THE REGIONAL HOSPITAL ANNEX MEIGANGA []


Background : Viral hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by viruses that affects millions of people around the world. Hepatitis B and C are human-to-human diseases, and blood is one of the means of transmission. There are no published data on the seroprevalence of hepatitis among blood donors in Meiganga. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis B and C among blood donors at the Regional Hospital Annex Meiganga Methodology : This was a retrospective study conducted from January 2023 to December 2023 at the blood bank of the Meiganga Regional Annex Hospital in Cameroon. Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by viruses that affects millions of people around the world. Hepatitis B and C are transmited by blood human-to-human and there is one of the means transmission. There are no published data on the seroprevalence of hepatitis among blood donors in Meiganga. Results : A total of 180 donors were identified, i.e. 150 male donors (83,3°%) and 30 female donors (26,70%). The population was mainly students with 41%. The age group [23–27] was the most represented (34%). This seroprevalence of viral hepatitis B and C among blood donors was 5% and 2,2% respectively. Women were mainly affected by hepatitis B (10%) and men by heppatitis C (5,4%). The associatios were not significant (p>0,05). Conclusion: The seroprevalence of hepatit is B an C is high among blood donors. It appears urgent to increase awareness compaigns on virals hepatis.

INTEGRATED APPROACH TO INTERNAL CONTROL MANAGEMENT: ACCOUNTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITY []


In todays complex business environment, effective internal control management is crucial for ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and security of financial data and information systems. This paper presents an integrated approach to internal control management, focusing on the synergistic relationship between accounting and information system security. By adopting a holistic framework that combines best practices in internal controls, accounting standards, and information security protocols, organizations can mitigate risks, enhance governance, and optimize their financial management processes. This approach enables the identification and assessment of potential vulnerabilities, implementation of robust controls, and continuous monitoring of accounting and information systems. The result is a secure, efficient, and reliable financial management system that supports informed decision-making and sustains organizational growth. It is survey research. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources, including questionnaires, personal observations, textbooks, journals, and the Internet. A sample of 92 was collected by random sample method. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using Z-test statistics, while questionnaires were analyzed using simple percentages. We discovered among other things that internal audit assists management in managerial decisions.