Volume 10, Issue 11, November 2022 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Qu’est-ce qu’un SIM ou bien une Carte SIM ? []


RÉSUMÉ La carte SIM ou carte à puces désigne les supports de sécurité contenant un circuit électronique intégré capable de mémoriser ou de traiter les informations. La carte à puces est à la base de la sécurité des systèmes informatiques. Elle a fait ses preuves dans de nombreux secteurs en tant que moyen de paiement, d’identification ou d’authentification. Aujourd’hui, à la vue des progrès des semi-conducteurs et de l’évolution des techniques de programmation, on prévoit des développements considérables de la carte à puces, qui constitue, pour beaucoup d’applications, une solution particulièrement bien adaptée aux enjeux socio-économiques de notre société. ABSTRACT The expression smart card refers to security supports containing an electronic circuit capable of memorizing or processing information. The smart card is at the basis of the safety of computer systems. It has proved its worth in many sectors as a means of payment, identification or authentication. At this time, taking into consideration the advances in semi-conductors and the evolution of the programing techniques, considerable developments are expected for the smart card which is an extremely well-adapted solution for the socio-economic challenges of our society.

PROFIL DU MANAGER CONGOLAIS (RDC) POUR LES VINGT – CINQ (25) ANNÉES À VENIR []


Résumé : Temps est venu pour l’intelligentsia congolaise de commencer à regarder l’avenir à une longue distance, planifier et agir dans une perspective à long terme. Le profil des Managers de la RDC pour les vingt-cinq (25) prochaines années est un constat scientifique fait sur base d’une expérience propre de l’auteur. Par conséquent, il y a certains éléments considérés comme importants et méritent d’être épluchés et publiés pour la communauté scientifique et public en général. Mots clés: Rôle et contribution du Manager, Futur, Environnement, Modèle de Manager Abstract: Time has come for the Congolese intelligentsia to begin to look to the future from a long distance, plan and act with a long-term perspective. The profile of Congolese (DRC) Managers for the next 25 years is a scientific observation made on based on author experience. Therefore, there are certain items considered important and worth reviewing and publishing for the scientific community and the general public. Key Words: Manager role and his/her contribution, Future, Environment, Manager model…

EFFECT OF CASH FLOW MANAGEMENT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN RWANDA []


This study evaluated the effect of cash flows management activities on financial performance of manufacturing industries in Kigali Rwanda. The study has been guided by the following specific objectives; to determine the effect of Cash flow forecasting on the financial performance of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd; to examine the effect of mobilizing & managing the cash flow on the financial performance of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd; to find out the effect of maintaining banking relations on financial performance of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd and to find out the effect of investing surplus cash on the financial performance of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd. The researcher used a descriptive research design. Sample size of this study was 198 employees of Sulfo-Rwanda. Questionnaire and documentary review were used as data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics, Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used as method of data analysis. For the first research objective, the results revealed that cash flow forecasting has significance positive effect on financial performance of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltd as indicated by β1= 0.522, p-value=0.000<0.05, t=7.846. The implication is that an increase of one unit in cash flow forecasting would lead to an increase in financial performance of Sulfo Rwanda Industries Ltdby 0.522 units. For the second research objective, the results revealed that mobilizing & managing the cash flow has significance positive effect on financial performance of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd as shown by β2= 0.170, p=0.002<0.05, t=3.122. This shows that when there is an increase of one unit in mobilizing & managing the cash flow would lead to an increase in financial performance of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd by 0.170 units. For the third research objective, the results revealed that maintaining banking relations has significance positive effect on financial performance of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd as indicated by β3= 0.103, p-value=0.008<0.05, t= 2.942. The implication is that an increase of one unit in Maintaining banking relations will increase financial performance of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd by 0.103 units. For the fourth research objective, the findings revealed that investing surplus cash has significance positive effect on financial performance of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd as indicated by β4= 0.455, p-value =0.000<0.05, t=5.840. The implication is that an increase of one unit in investing surplus cash would lead to an increase in financial performance of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd by 0.455 units. The study recommended that the management of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd should be encouraged to use cash flow ratios in evaluating the performance of manufacturing firms before forming opinion on the firm. This will help them make good decisions with respect to their investments. The study concludes that 57.1% of the total variations of financial Performance of Sulfo-Rwanda Ltd can be attributed to the changes in the value of the independent variables (cash flow forecasting; mobilizing & managing the cash flow; maintaining banking relations and investing surplus cash) captured by the study model and at 95% confidence interval.

Investigating Teachers' Views and Perceptions about Relative Clauses Difficulties amongst EFL Sudanese Secondary School Students []


Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the difficulties of using relative clauses experienced by EFL students at Sudanese secondary schools. The study has adopted the descriptive analytical method, the researcher collected data by using a questionnaire for (30) EFL Sudanese secondary school teachers. To analyze the data the researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The findings of the study revealed that EFL Sudanese secondary school students encounter some difficulties in using relative clauses . In the light of the findings of the study, the researcher recommended that students should be aware of the importance of English syntactic structure in the process of EFL learning. Furthermore, teachers should teach English structure systematically and comprehensively and allow sufficient practice time, teachers should also focus on the overall structure of English relative clauses as a way of facilitating holistic development of English skills, in addition, understanding of the errors is helpful in the teaching and learning process since it enables both the teacher and students to identify the causes of the errors and find appropriate solutions towards improving the students’ learning process. Key words: Foreign language learning, English relative clauses, using relative clauses’ difficulties.

Using Machine Learning to Overcome Facial Recognition Bias in Africa. []


A facial recognition system is a technology capable of matching a human face from a digital image or a video frame against a database of faces. An essential aspect of facial recognition technologies is the dataset of faces used for training and testing. However, because most models are trained on mostly Caucasian faces, algorithmic accuracy on Caucasian faces tends to be higher than on African faces. This resulted in facial recognition bias and some unfavorable societal consequences such as false arrest and excessive government surveillance where people of color have been most affected by these consequences. Tribal marks are often neglected in facial recognition and can be used to improve the accuracy of the system. In this paper, we used a one-shot learning model to implement a facial recognition system for African tribal marks. We began by collecting datasets of people with tribal marks and then used Data Augmentation techniques to increase the size and balance of our dataset. An MTCNN model was used to detect and extract faces, and embedding points were generated using a pre-trained model. Using the F1 and MCC scores, we reported scores of 0.887 and 0.757 respectively. This research could be useful in tackling the racial disparity in facial recognition and ensuring that the database against which a face is matched accurately reflects local demographics.

Role of leadership skills on performance of project driven organization in Rwanda []


Effective project leadership is considered a major ingredient for the performance of any organization operating in the ever dynamic and complex environment of the 21st century. In the world of information uncertainty and the scarcity of resources, leadership skills are required to confront the reality of environmental turbulence and a continuous need for appropriate project driven organizational change to achieve performance goals. Therefore, the aim of this research was to establish the role of project leadership kills and performance of project driven organization in Rwanda with a specific objective to determine the influence of communication skills on performance of project driven organization, ascertain the influence of leadership skills on performance of project driven organization, assess the influence of negotiation skills on performance of project driven organization and analyze effect of leadership style on performance of project driven organization. the study adopted a descriptive research design and correlation analysis were used to test research hypotheses. The target population was 92 respondents with a sample size of 92 respondents comprised of BDF employees in Kicukiro, Gasabo and Nyarugenge districts. The study found that use of leadership style (β=.263, t=4.534, p=.000<.05) is significant, leadership skills (β=.229, t=3.469 p=.001<.05), communication skills (β=-.295, t=5.462, p=.000<.05) are statistically significant while negotiation skills (β=.054, t=1.125, p=.267>.05) is not statistically significant to predict the performance of project driven organization in Rwanda, therefore recommending different organization and economic development players to enhance the leadership capacity for the employees to successful in the projects implemented and for further research to conduct deep analysis to find out the perception of negotiation skills on performance of project.

REVIEW ARTICLES; UTILIZATION OF FISH HEAD INTO FOOD PRODUCT []


Utilization of fish heads into a functional product has been widely carried out in Indonesia both in its activities and on a research scale. This article aims to review the use of fish heads as food products in Indonesia. Based on literacy results, information is obtained that fish heads can be used as food products with high added value. These products include 1) Indonesian food, and fish head gule. 2) Fishhead flour as a substitute for crackers products. 3) Fish head flour as a supplement for cilok. 4) Fish crackers. 5) Product flavor, and food flavoring. 6) gelatin as a thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer for food products such as ice cream, sausage, chocolate, and dairy products.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF STERCULIA SETIGERA LEAVES []


The plant Sterculia setigera (family: Sterculiaceae) is known by different indigenous cultural communities in Nigeria. It is a savannah tree, widespread in savannah areas of tropical Africa. The aim of this research is to carry out the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of the leaf of sterculia setigera. The leaves of stercullia setigera was extracted with 70% methanol. The Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phtobatannins, steroids, starch, resins. The Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial activity. The crude extract showed visible inhibitory effect when compared to the positive control. The crude extract of the leaves of stercullia setigera has zone of inhibitions of; 26 mm, 18 mm, 12 mm, 10 mm, for Staphylococcus aureus at 400 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml concentrations, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12 mm, 08mm, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 400 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml concentrations, 22 mm, 18.5 mm, 14.2 mm, 7.5 mm, for Escherichia coli at 400 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml concentrations and 23 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 10 mm, for Candida albican at 400 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml concentrations respectively. The mean zone of inhibition showed that stercullia setigera leaves exhibited activities against the test organisms. It was in this study that E. coli and S. aureus was more susceptible to the plant extracts compared to P. aeruginosa. The present study therefore offers a scientific basis for the traditional use of plant Sterculia setigera for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria, jaundice, measles, syphilis and leprosy. The evaluation of phytochemical and antibacterial screening of Sterculia setigera concluded that methanolic extract contain saponins, phtobatannins, resins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, starch. These constituents could be responsible for the inhibition of the test organism. The present study therefore offers a scientific justification for the traditional use of plant Sterculia setigera for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria, jaundice, measles, syphilis and leprosy. Further studies are necessary in order to clarify the properties of Sterculia setigera leaves to obtain information enough to provide validation for its medicinal use.

FACTORS AFFECTING READING AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF STUDENTS OF KAMONYI DISTRICT SELECTED SCHOOLS []


This study was conducted to investigate and compare the factors and causes affecting reading among selected secondary school students in Kamonyi districtwith case study of students from G.S Rosa Mystica and E.S Ste Bernadette Kamonyi (ESBK). The study aspired to achieve the following objectives: i)to compare factors affecting reading culture among selected secondary school students in Kamonyi district; ii) to identify the factors that affect reading among non-boarding and boarding students at G.S Rosa Mystica and ESB Kamonyi; iii) to investigate the causes of the reading among non-boarding and boarding students from G.S Rosa Mystica and ESBK schools by investigating the factors of reading , the study was carried out in Kamonyi District, Gacurabwenge Sector at G.S ROSA MYSTICA and E.S Ste Bernadette using a qualitative research method. The research targeted a total number of 340,501 respondents. A non-exploratory mixed-method design was used in this study. Data was gathered through interviews, and questionnaires to answer the research questions regarding the factors affecting the reading among selected secondary schools and compare the causes of the poor reading among students to discover what motivates students to read. The respondents were the students, teachers, parents. The reading was considered as dependent variable (DV) whereas the factors affecting the reading in secondary schools were independent variables (IV). This study used a descriptive methodology with a data collection, interpretation and analysis approach with respect to mathematical, computational, and statistical aspects. The techniques used to perform this research were descriptive and analytic pursuant toto data collected. Based on the quantity of numeric data we performed our research. The collected data was analyzed and interpreted using Microsoft Excel and professional software. The findings show that school leadership and management affect reading, and the lack of reading facilities (books) affects reading. The research confirmed that family poverty are causes that affect reading like the lack of appropriate reading program at school; lack of school library, lack of motivation to read lack of reading time at home. Majority of the questions scored a mean between 3.00 and 3.50. Unanimously, respondents disagreed that non reading teachers affects reading. The findings demonstrated that active students in reading can perform lessons, excel in all subjects and have effective communication skills particularly in English. To measure the statistical relationship between the used variables, the Pearson relationship between factors causing and affecting the reading culture exhibits positivity (0.950), for G.S Rose Mystica and (0.952) ESB Kamonyi, implying that, the reading is influenced the outlined factors.

EFEECT OF CREDIT REFERENCE BUREAU ON BANK’ LOANS PERFORMANCE IN RWANDA’S BANKING SECTOR []


This research was carried to investigate the effect of credit reference bureau on loan performance of Rwanda’s banking sector. The study specifically wanted to achieve the following specific objectives which are to analyze the effect of credit information collection on loans performance; to establish the effect of credit information sharing on loans performance; to find out the effect of credit risk assessment on loans performance and to assess the effect of collateral information sharing on loans performance. The study was a survey design conducted through mixed method. The target population was Rwanda’s entire banking sector comprised of 15 banks licensed by National Banks of Rwanda, situation of 2021. 48 Individuals from credit departments services of banks were sampled using purposive method to responded in the survey. Questionnaire and interview were used to collect primary data whereas secondary data come from National Banks of Rwanda reports. Data collected from the field were statistically analysed using SPSS version 22.0. For the first objective, the findings of the study revealed significant effect of credit information collection on loan performance with correlation coefficient of 0.507and p<0.01. For the second objective, correlation coefficient of 0.524 and p<0.01 indicated a significant effect of credit information sharing on loan performance. For the third objective, study found that credit risk assessment is positively and significantly affect loan performance with correlation coefficient of 0.502 and p<0.01. For the forth objective, correlation coefficient of 0.604 and p<0.01 confirmed a positive and significant effect of collateral information sharing on loan performance. In addition, regression analysis established adjusted R Square coefficient of 0.774, indicating that credit reference bureau account 77.4% in loan performance of Rwanda’s banking sector. The study concluded that credit reference bureau is a key partner in improving loan performance of Rwanda’s baking sector. Credit Reference Bureau were advised to introduce a template automated system to easy information exchange between banks, to improve information technology, to hire more employees and improve communication channels. While financial institutions were recommended to revise credit policy, a regular training for credit service departments and a research to clearly understanding who is a right customer to be serve a loan.

Monitoring and Evaluation Practices and Project Success. The Case of HIV Prevention Project Implemented by Association de Solidalité de Femmes Rwandaises (ASOFERWA) in Kamonyi District, Rwanda []


ABSTRACT The study focused on the effect of project monitoring and evaluation practices on project success with a reference of the HIV prevention project implemented by ASOFERWA in Kamonyi district between 2018 and 2020. The study was done through descriptive research design that involved descriptive and inferential approach as mean of correlation analysis and linear regression analysis that helped to establish relationship of M&E components and project success. Through census inquiry 125 individuals were sampled comprised of ASOFERWA employees and stakeholders linked with surveyed project. Questionnaire, interview and focus group discussion were used to collect data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was applied in statistical analysis. Regression analysis established that almost 59.7.3% is the contribution of monitoring and evaluation on project success of HIV prevention project implemented by ASOFERWA in Kamonyi district between 2018 and 2020. ANOVA results brought a positive F-value of 13.229 with a p-value of 0.000 which is less than alpha (0.01) showing a positive and significant effect of monitoring and evaluation on success of HIV prevention project implemented by ASOFERWA in Kamonyi district between 2018 and 2020. Therefore, according to the decision rule the null hypothesis suggesting that there is no significant effect of monitoring and evaluation practices on project success was rejected in favour of alternative hypothesis. However, during HIV prevention implemented with ASOFERWA some challenges and weakness encountered include inadequate staff to deliver effective monitoring and evaluation and to manage M&E process and data analysis, inadequate funds due to insufficient project budget along with lack of advanced technical advice for monitoring and evaluation. Even though HIV prevention project implemented by ASOFERWA, contributed to increase of knowledge towards HIV/AIDS, still women get HIV positive pregnant in Kamonyi district. The study recommended ASOFERWA to stress on continuous fundraising without waiting to finish current funding, to use more advanced and relevant in M&E for future projects and more programs to help mothers not transmitting HIV to child.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES IN LAGOS METROPOLIS []


Domestic solid waste collection management has become a global concern in ensuring sustainable communities, it has the greatest importance and impact on the environment or the general public's health. The growing population consequent of urbanization has varying effects on domestic solid waste generation and if it is not well managed the residents’ well-being is endangered. This study aims at embarking on an empirical study on domestic solid waste collection and management systems in public housing estates to discover strategies for effective solid waste management. A mixed approach research method that involves a systematic review of literature shall be done considering journal articles, conference papers and primary data collected using a structured questionnaire randomly administered to the residents of selected public housing estates in Lagos metropolis. Recommendations shall suggest viable strategies for domestic solid waste collection for more effective solid waste management within the selected public housing estates.

Design and construction of 4 ways intruder system in a community []


The project “Design and Construction of a Four-Sensored intruder System” involves the use of the NE556 dual timer integrated circuit as a triggering device, light dependent resistors, door switches in conjunction with a touch point configured as a sensing devices coupled together as a system, the system is used for security purpose in order to reduce the rate of burglary in our homes, industries and society in general. The system can detect the presence of a burglar in four different ways using the different sensing units which are LDR1, LDR2, Door switches and a touch point. The system triggers an alarm when light falls on LDR1 at the entry of premises, when light falling on LDR2 is obstructed, when door switches are opened or a wire is broken and when a handle as a touch point is touched.

DIGITAL MARKETING AND ORGANIZATIONAL VISIBILITY IN RWANDA A CASE OF PRIVATE SECTOR FEDERATION (PSF) []


The main purpose of this study is to assess the role of digital marketing in enhancing organizational visibility in Rwanda with a case of Private Sector Federation. This research has three specific objectives which are to analyse the effect of online media marketing on organizational visibility, to determine the impact of electronic digital marketing on organizational visibilityand to establish the relationship between social media marketing and organizational visibility in Rwanda. This study will be significant to a number of actors from the managers of businnes organisations, the owners of the business, private sector federation, government, policy makers, students and academicians who will use the information of the study as the point of reference to develop the business and do further researchers in the same field. The study was conducted using descriptive research design from 126 respondents selected using simple random and census method as sampling technique and calculated using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table from 141 employees of PSF Rwanda. The collected data was analyzed with the use of SPSS version 22 to analyse descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics by multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation to find relationship between digital marketing and organisational visibility. The results were discused with the help of empirical literature after being presented in figures and tables. The results of the study concerning the first objective of the study which regards the effect of online media marketing on organizational visibility have shown that the overal mean is 1.595 which show that it tends towards very great extent (1) which implies on general assumption the respondents agreed that online media market affect to a very great extent organizational visibility of PSF in Rwanda. The results of the study concerning the second objective of the study regarding effect of electronic media marketing on organizational visibility indicated the overal mean is 1.210 which tends towards a very great extent which means that digital marketing has a very high effect on organizational visibility in Private Sector Federation, Rwanda. The results of the study regarding the third concerning the relationship between social media marketing and organizational visibility showed that the overal mean is 1.216 which implies that social media marketing affects oranisational performance and it is also supported by correlation results which showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social media marketing and Business responsiveness (r=.940 and sig=.000), between social media marketing and business performance (r=.934 and sig=.000), and between social media marketing and awareness level increment (r=.883 and sig=.000) due to the fact that the calculated significance level is below 0.01; which shows that threre is a positive and significant relationship between social media marketing and organizational visibility in PSF. Therefore, the researcher would like to recommend to marketing team to keep improving performance through using digital marketing that puts into consideration customer lifetime value, increasing number of the customer to buy existing and new products, putting in place the system to monitor and control the newly acquired Business responsiveness through communication, increasing social media marketing by increasing Business responsiveness of the Private Sector Federation that enhance organisational visibility.

Croissance économique et performance du système bancaire congolais : Analyse empirique par le modèle de panel []


This work aims to analyze the link between the recovery of economic activity and the performance of money-creating banks in the DRC, following a banking landscape that has undergone profound changes over the past two decades. The study shows that liquidity is a key determinant of Congolese banks for both economic profitability and financial profitability. Thus, this liquidity ratio shows that it has a positive and statistically significant effect on the profitability of Congolese banks. Thus, Congolese banks display a profitable processing activity. The study also shows that the size of the bank, its relationship is positive both for economic profitability (ROA) and for financial profitability (ROE), then that it has a statistically significant effect for financial profitability and not significant for economic profitability; the effect of the equity ratio, while being negatively related to economic profitability (ROA) and financial profitability (ROE), is not significant. It suggests that the public authorities intensify economic growth and limit inflationary pressures in order to allow banks to take full advantage of the country's economic performance and to put in placeincentive mechanisms to enable the population to resume confidence in the banking sector such as deposit insurance. Keywords: Economic growth, performance of the banking system, Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo – Kinshasa)