Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2024 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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HOW FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT CAN IMPACT THE GDP OF GROWING ECONOMIES: THE CASE OF THE NIGERIAN MARKET []


The paper examined the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Nigeria, between 2013-2021. Specifically, the study examined the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Nigeria’s economic growth using the manufacturing, agricultural and service sector as a case study, using the purposive sampling technique. Descriptive analyses, correlation analyses and robust regression analyses was adopted in this study to test the hypotheses of the study using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 25, to determine the results as presented in the table above. Data were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and National Bureau of Statistics between 2013-2021, making a total firm-year observation of 36. The regression results are reported using the Panel Generalized Least Square Regression model. This corrects for the presence of serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and The findings revealed that Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the manufacturing sector has a positive but insignificant effect on Economic growth, the study also showed that Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the agricultural sector also has a positive but insignificant effect on the nations GDP, and that foreign direct investment in the services sector has a positive but insignificant impact on the growth of Nigeria’s economy. The study therefore recommends that that the government of Nigeria should encourage foreign investment in the sectors studied, by reducing the level of conservation on policies, improve security and make every needed attempt to improve the standard of living of the average Nigerian.

Self-determination and creation of Somaliland national identity: a sociological analysis of school textbooks []


Somaliland is considered the northern region of the prior Somali Republic, formed from the British Protectorate and the Current Republic of Somaliland and which united with Southern Somalia on July 1, 1960. Following political misunderstandings and grievances, Somaliland declared its right to self-determination and remained a de facto state since 1991 following the collapse of the Somali military regime. Since then, Somaliland has achieved progress toward reconciliation, peacebuilding, state-building, and election democratization. However, creating a discrete Somaliland national identity remains a significant obstacle to overcome. For such an obstacle, nations utilize one of the official education goals— preparation of citizenship and training in a political ideology. Therefore, this paper analyzes how Somaliland uses its school textbooks on self-determination and creating a national identity separate from other Somalis with homogenous characteristics. The author employed content analysis based on factors that shape national identity in the school textbooks, and then sociological analysis, particularly Merton’s Typology of Deviance, was used. The school textbooks with the contents of Somaliland's national identity were social science for standard five, form two geography and form four history. The article argues contradiction of national identity in school textbooks remains consequential. The clan lineage claim for the Somaliland national identity in school textbooks ignites paradoxes in creating Somaliland's national identity by allowing some clans beyond the Somaliland borders to claim the national identity, excluding other inhabitants, and putting ambiguity on other clans. The contradictions pave the way for consequences on citizens' general acceptance of national identity, which Somaliland should resolve.

Understanding the Incidence, Screening, and Burden of Cancer in Somalia: A Literature Review []


Objectives: To determine the incidence, frequency, and distribution of all cancers in Somalia from 2015 to 2023.Methods: Data were collected using the following databases: EMBASE, Springer, Google Scholar, and Pubmed. This review follows PRISMA guidelines and Prisma guidelines were used in this study. Published articles from 2015 to 2023 on the topic of cancer in Somalia were searched in relevant and accessible databases using the following keywords: “cancer or cancer distribution or Somalia,” “cancer registration systems or prevention.” Results: After reviewing all the latest literature, the results show contrasting rates of incidence, frequency, and distribution of all cancers in Somalia. The very high rates observed in Somalia strongly suggest that strong environmental risk factors have an impact on the Somali population. Conclusion: Serious and extensive research on the etiology is required. Screening methods may cause the spread of priorities. As a result, the determination of local cancer risk factors in the development of early diagnostic methods and the creation of the cancer registration system will form the basis for the project to be developed for the prevention of cancer.

DETERMINANTS OF LOAN REPAYMENT AT MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA CASE OF AB BANK []


This research assessed the determinants of loan repayment at microfinance institutions in Rwanda with reference of AB Bank during the period from 2018 up to 2022. This research study has the following specific objectives; to determine influence of loan size on loan repayment at AB Bank; to establish influence of interest rates on loan repayment at AB Bank; and to examine influence of net revenue on loan repayment at AB Bank. The problems in the lenders take out insurance against the risk or on-sell the debt to another company. In general, the higher the risk, the higher is the interest rate that the debtor will be asked to pay on the debt. Loan repayment mainly arises when borrowers are unable to pay due willingly or unwillingly. The main challenges faced by AB Bank are the problems where 17% of borrowers fail to pay back their long run loans; another problem is of poor techniques and poor management systems used by borrowers. However, there is evidence that the growing number of microfinance institutions lead them to a competitive environment that raises loan extension. The loan culture theory; loan transaction cost theory and economic modernity loan theory were reviewed. The entire population of the study who are supposed to provide the information related to the objectives of the research study is 3255 respondents including respondents as employees (staff) and borrowers (customers) of AB Bank and sample size is 356 participants. The simple random sampling technique was used. The study used questionnaire and documentation research techniques during соlleсtiоn оf dаtа. The result presents the model summary for a regression analysis. R-squared (R2) equals to 0.682 indicates that approximately 68.2% of the variability in the outcome variable (Loan Repayment at AB Bank) can be explained by the predictors (Loan Size) in the model. The P-value was 0.000is less than 0.05, indicating that interest rate is statistically significant and related to the Loan Repayment at AB Bank in Rwanda. The coefficient for net revenue is 0.848. Importantly, the corresponding p-value is 0.000. These statistics indicate that net revenue significantly and positively influence the loan repayment at AB Bank. This implies that the overall model, which includes predictors like Net Revenue, Loan Size, Interest Rates, is statistically significant and related to the Loan Repayment at AB Bank in Rwanda. AB Bank should continue to prioritize and improve its collateral assessment procedures. Regular training and updates for loan officers in this regard can help in ensuring the quality of collateral evaluation.

The Influence of Mobile Learning Through Digital Storytelling on the Learning Attitudes of Palestinian Adolescents in an English Speaking Course []


This study explores how mobile learning may significantly improve the storytelling abilities, communication skills, and English proficiency of Palestinian teenagers, particularly when it comes to successfully communicating the Palestinian cause. The study used a mixed-methods approach, using qualitative and quantitative techniques to thoroughly evaluate the results of a mobile learning intervention. Participants in our study, 18 to 19-year-old Palestinian teenagers are selected from a variety of Palestinian educational establishments. In order to improve participants' communication skills, English language competence, and narrative abilities connected to the Palestinian cause, the intervention entails involving them in digital storytelling activities through the use of the "Once Upon a Bot" application. During the qualitative stage, a subgroup of participants are interviewed in-depth to learn about their impressions of their ability to communicate and speak English both before and after the mobile learning intervention. These interviews explore the viewpoints and experiences of the participants in relation to the persuasive storytelling of the Palestinian cause. Pre- and post-intervention evaluations are part of the quantitative component. Standardized scales and verified measuring instruments that are commonly used in language acquisition research are employed. The purpose of these tests is to measure how participants' English language competency and communication abilities have changed. Our results show that mobile learning significantly improves the desired variables. After participating in the intervention, participants exhibit improved communication skills, increased fluency in the English language, and an increased capacity to persuasively explain the Palestinian cause. In addition to the quantitative findings, the qualitative interviews provide complex insights into the individuals' subjective experiences. The results of this study provide a substantial contribution to the body of knowledge about the effectiveness of mobile learning in enhancing language proficiency and enabling teenagers to express their opinions on matters of social concern. Teachers, policymakers, and education researchers will find these findings useful in forming future efforts to use mobile learning to support adolescents' holistic skill development, particularly in settings with limited resources.

Social Capital and Job Placement: An Impact Analysis on Post-graduate Students of Bangladesh []


This study aims to explain the job placement status of post-graduate students along a line with social capital. For collecting data, a survey method with a structured questionnaire developed based on the conceptual framework and objectives of this research was used in this study to collect information from the post-graduate students of Bangladesh. To achieve the purposes of the study, the study used the purposive non-probability sampling technique. After collecting data, SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 25.0 was used to analyze the data. The linear regression model and model fit summary of social capital and job placement were run to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The study findings showed a strong relationship between social capital and job placement status. Finally, this study concludes and recommends that the policymakers and government design the relevant policies for job placement of the upcoming post-graduate students of Bangladesh depending on social capital.

DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA []


The ability of a country to attract foreign portfolio investment to enhance economic development is determined by internal and external macroeconomic factors. Over the years, the Nigerian economy has been experiencing inability to attract foreign portfolio investment. Hence, this research examined the effect of internal and external factors on foreign portfolio investment in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study also investigated the effect of foreign portfolio investment and its determinant on the economic development. Data covering the period of 1986 to 2021 were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (2020), National Bureau of Statistics and World Development Indicators. Analyses of data collected was conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Bound Co-integration, Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Pairwise Granger Causality techniques. The ARDL bound test revealed that there was long run relationship between determinants variables (exchange rate, log of market size, log of financial development, international interest rate and growth rate of USA) and foreign portfolio investment in Nigeria. In addition, foreign portfolio investment and its measure as exchange rate, log of market size, log of financial development, international interest rate and growth rate of USA had co-integrating relationship with per capita income. As regarding internal factors, the study revealed that exchange rate had negative and significant effect on foreign portfolio investment and economic development in Nigeria respectively (-1.885368 and -0.338942). In addition, market size had negative and significant effect on foreign portfolio investment (-18.294294) but positive and significant effect on economic development (0.465861). Also, financial development had positive and significant effect on foreign portfolio investment and economic development (16.665681 and 0.116873). Based on the result of external factors, international interest rate had negative and significant effect on foreign portfolio investment and economic development in Nigeria (-5.352136 and -0.070502). Furthermore, growth rate of USA is found to have negative and significant effect on foreign portfolio investment but had positive and insignificant effect on economic development (-1.746600 and 0.009116). The study concluded that Based on findings from this research, it was concluded that internal and external factors play significant role in determining the inflow of foreign portfolio investment in Nigeria. In addition, it was concluded that foreign portfolio investment and its determinant have significant effect on the economic development. It was recommended that government and policymakers should developed comprehensive economic framework to ensure stability in internal factories like interest rate, exchange rate, growth rate and inflation rate amongst others to attract foreign portfolio investment. Keywords: External factors, internal factors, foreign portfolio investment, economic performance

INFLUENCE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SKILLS ON PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE OF VISION 2020 UMURENGE PROGRAM IN BURERA DISTRICT. []


The main purpose of this study Was to investigate the influence of project management skills on the project sustainability. This research was carried out to achieve the following specific objectives: To determine the influence of leadership skills on the sustainability of VUP in Burera district, To determine the influence of communication skills on the sustainability of VUP in Burera district, To assess the influence of problem-solving skills on the sustainability of VUP in Burera district. The study adopted the mix method research design. In data analysis the study used both descriptive (frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlations and regression analysis). In order to select the sample size, the researcher adopted census sampling technique with 53 respondents. The data was corrected by means of questionnaire then after while analyzing data derived from questionnaire SPSS software was helpful as it helped us to have mean, standard deviation, frequency and other required items that helped us to analyze and interpret information so that the researcher can get reliable findings. The analysis revealed significant correlations between the project management skills and project sustainability outcomes: Leadership Skills: The correlation coefficient between leadership skills and project sustainability was 0.705** (p < 0.01), indicating a strong positive relationship. Higher leadership skills were associated with improved project sustainability outcomes. Communication Skills: The correlation coefficient between communication skills and project sustainability was 0.942** (p < 0.01), indicating a robust positive relationship. Greater communication skills were strongly linked to enhanced project sustainability outcomes. Problem-Solving Skills: The correlation coefficient between problem-solving skills and project sustainability was 0.683** (p < 0.01), affirming a significant positive relationship. Strong problem-solving skills were correlated with better project sustainability outcomes. These findings suggest that project managers possessing higher levels of leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills are better positioned to ensure project sustainability. The study contributes to both academia and practice by shedding light on the critical competencies that drive projects toward lasting positive impacts. Organizational decisions related to project management training and skill development can benefit from these insights, ultimately fostering more sustainable project outcomes. Based on the findings, the study recommends the government of Rwanda to invest in Leadership Development to empower project teams to navigate challenges, inspire motivation, and foster a shared vision, ultimately contributing to the sustainable success of the VUP program. Keywords: Project sustainability, communication, leadership, problem-solving skills

PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA WITH A CASE OF BANK OF KIGALI PLC []


The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of portfolio investments management and financial performance of financial institutions in Rwanda. The specific objectives: to determine the impact of portfolio return on the financial performance of Bank of Kigali; to examine the impact of risk management on the financial performance of Bank of Kigali; to find out the impact of portfolio diversification on the financial performance of Bank of Kigali and to establish the impact of asset allocation management on financial performance of Bank of Kigali. There are portfolio investment management at Bank of Kigali Plc which is categorized into bond, equity, mutual funds and cash equivalents. Adjusted R squared is coefficient of determination which tells us the variation in the dependent variable due to changes in the independent variable. From the findings in the above table, the value of adjusted R squared was 0.897, an indication that there was variation of 89.7% on the financial performance (ROA) of investment companies due to changes in investment in bond, equity, mutual funds and cash equivalents at 95% confidence interval. This shows that 89.7% changes in financial performance of Bank of Kigali Plc could be accounted for investment in bond, equity, mutual funds and cash equivalents. R is the correlation coefficient which shows the relationship between the study variables. The calculated value was greater than the critical value (2.262 <3.316) an indication that investment in bond, equity, mutual funds and cash equivalents were significantly influencing financial performance (ROA) of Bank of Kigali Plc. The significance value was less than 0.05 and indication that the model was statistically significant. From the findings the study revealed that investment portfolio management affects financial performance of financial institutions in Rwanda. The study revealed that investment in bond and mobile banking positively influences the financial performance of Bank of Kigali Plc. Good organization structure will allow for better investment decision of Bank of Kigali Plc that manages their investment and thus increasing its financial performance in Rwanda. There is need to increase the size of Bank of Kigali Plc in the country. Increase in fund size in the country will have positive impact on the financial performance of Bank of Kigali Plc, as it was found that performance and size have a positive significant relationship.

Effects of eProcurement Practices and Procurement Performance in Governance Institutions of Rwanda. []


With the emergence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), public institutions, governance institutions, government entities and business companies have been compelled to shift their operations from their traditional style to eBusiness, eProcurement and eSupply Chain philosophies in order to sustain themselves. This can be achieved through efficiency delivery and value for money within the public funds. Yet, in today’s dynamic global competitive business, web-based service is no longer an afterthought, rather it is a must and crucial for public, governance, and private organizations. In addition to this, it is since the arrival of the web-based technologies in the scene as a supply chain management tool in mid-1990s that public institutions, government entities, and business enterprises tried to gain the benefits eProcurement can deliver such as reduced administrative costs, streamlined procurement procedures, faster procurement procedures, increased transparency and efficiency, better monitoring of procurement, encouraging cross border competition, supporting the development of centralized procurement administration, wider administrative modernization and simplification, cycle time reduction, budget control and reporting, increasing visibility of supply chain, better inventory management, and many more. It is due to these backgrounds that this dissertation took on ascertaining the effects of eProcurement Practices and Procurement Performance in Governance Institutions of Rwanda. The dissertation used a mixed method research approach and correlation to describe the effects of eProcurement Practices and Procurement Performance. The results showed a significant effect of eProcurement practices and Procurement Performance in Governance Institutions of Rwanda. Key Words: Procurement, Procurement performance, eProcurement, e-Informing, e-Sourcing, e-Tendering, e-Ordering, eProcurement practices.

Critical analysis of current Medication Reconciliation Practices performed at various transition points in a patient's care, such as admission, transfer and discharge of medical wards in National Hospital-Sri Lanka []


Medication reconciliation is a formal process for creating the most complete and accurate list possible of a patient’s current medications and comparing the list to those in the patient record or medication orders. The National Hospital of Sri Lanka [NHSL] headed by a Deputy Director General [DDG] of Health Services has three medical units. They are 2nd,3rd and professorial units. The objective of the case study was to analyse current medication reconciliation practices performed at medical wards in National Hospital Sri Lanka. The methods used for analysis were a self-administered structured questionnaire [SAQ] for doctors and nurses who work at medical wards, key informant interviews [KIIs] with consultants who work at medical wards, document reviews and direct observation. The prioritized problem was the lack of a medication reconciliation standardized process. The prioritized root causes to be addressed are the lack of a standardized medication reconciliation protocol, inadequate training on medication reconciliation for healthcare staff and fragmented communication among different healthcare providers involved in the process. The recommendation is to develop and implement a standardized medication reconciliation protocol. Keywords: Medication reconciliation, patient’s care, transition points, medical wards

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TERAPI GUIDED IMAGERY DAN NATURE SOUND TERHADAP INTENSITAS NYERI PASIEN DIRUANG HEMODIALISIS RSUD AJI MUHAMMAD PARIKESIT TENGGARONG : CASE STUDY []


latar Belakang: Hemodialisis merupakan salah satu terapi pengganti ginjal, terapi hemodialisis adalah suatu teknologi tinggi sebagai terapi pengganti untuk mengeluarkan sisa-sisa metabolism atau racun tertentu dari peredaran darah mansuia. Frekuensi Tindakan hemodialisis rata-rata penderita menjalani 2x dalam seminggu dan pelaksanaan hemodialisis paling sedikit 4-5 jam tiap sekali tindakan terapi. Pada saat prosedur ini dilakukan masalah yang sering muncul pada pasien yaitu nyeri. Berbagai metode dapat digunaka untuk meminimalisir nyeri selama hemodialisis dalah satunya adalah dengan metode nonfarmakologi yaitu guided imagery & nature sound. Tujuan : Karya Ilmiah Akhir ners ini bertujuan untuk melakkan Analisa terhadap kasus kelolaan dengan pasien penyait gagal ginjal kronik dengan intervensi inovasi. Pemberian intervensi inovasi terapi guided imagery & nature sound dengan Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Metode : metode yang digunakan adalah pengukuran skala nyeri dengan Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) dengan intervensi inovasi terapi guided imagery & nature sound. Hasil : Hasil analisa menunjukkan dengan skor NRS sebelum dilakukan intervensi pada pertemuan ke -1 skala nyeri & dan setelah dllakukan intervensi menurun menjadi skala 5, pada pertemuan ke-2 sebelum intervensi nyeri skala 8 setelah intervensi menurun menjadi 5 dan pertemuan ke-3 sebelum intervensi skala 6 setelah intervesnsi menurun menjadi 2. Terapi guided imagery & nature sound akan menghasilkan endhorphin yang dapat memberikan efek relaksasi dan menurunkan tranmisi nyeri. Kesimpulan : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perubahan yang signifikan pada intensitas nyeri yang dialami oleh pasien selama hemodialisa setelah diberikan terapi guided imagery & nature sound.

TERAPI SPIRITUAL EMOTIONAL FREEDOM TECHNIQUE (SEFT) KOMBINASI MUSIK RELAKSAKSI TERHADAP TINGKAT KELETIHAN PADA PASIEN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) DI RUANG HEMODIALISIS RSUD AJI MUHAMMAD PARIKESIT TENGGARONG : CASE STUDY []


Ketergantungan seumur hidup pada mesin dialisis menyebabkan keletihan (Fatigue) yang mempengaruhi kehidupan sehari-hari. Kadar oksigen rendah karena anemia menyebabkan keletihan (Fatigue) dan jantung bekerja keras untuk menyuplai oksigen yang diperlukan maka dari itu pelaksanaan fatigue yang tepat salah satunya dengan terapi non farmakologis yaitu terapi Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) Kombinasi Musik Relaksaksi.Tujuan: untuk melakukan analisa terhadap kasus kelolaan dengan pasien gagal ginjal kronik dengan intervensi inovasi terapi Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) Kombinasi Musik Relaksaksi Terhadap Tingkat Keletihan. Metode: yang digunakan ialah penilaian tingkat keletihan dengan kuesioner Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) dengan intervensi inovasi terapi Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) Kombinasi Musik Relaksaksi. Hasil: analisa menunjukkan skor FSS sebelum dilakukan intervensi pada pertemuan ke 1 ialah 47 dan setelah diberikan intervensi pada pertemuan ke 2 menurun menjadi 39, pada pertemuan ke 3 34 dan ke 4 menurun menjadi 29. Kesimpulan: terdapat perubahan yang signifikan pada tingkat letih yang dialami pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) setelah diberikan intervensi inovasi terapi Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) Kombinasi Musik Relaksaksi.

Factor affecting to the Rosca participation in Sri Lanka []


Rosca is a more famous financial term among every kind of societies in the world. Rosca system has been identified as a social integration and economic wellbeing system in every country. Consumers of the Rosca system represent every social stratum and they have used the Rosca for growing financial requirements. This research paper assesses the economic factors analysis of the Rosca participants and focuses on the respondents of Nillambe village in Kandy District, Sri Lanka. A sample frame of 45 (N=45) was selected under the random sampling technique. Primary data were collected using face to face interview method with a comprehensive questionnaire. Respondents had to answer the 50 questions which were placed with a four Likert scale where (4=Strongly Agree, 3= Agree 2=Disagree, 1=Strongly Disagree) and 15 demography questions were also filled. As a research model, the descriptive statistics was used to present the result of the data. SPSS and MS Excel were used to analyze the collected data. The result of the research revealed that consumers of the Rosca are willing to use the Rosca due to the fewer documents involved, Money back guarantee, trust, and short duration of time. During the research, researcher had to observe new findings from the research such as, the Rosca system creating a social combination, a convenient method for fundraising for purchasing the long-term assets.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COBALT(II), NICKEL(II), SILVER(I) COMPLEXES WITH INDOMETHACIN []


In recent years, significant advances in chemistry have been made in the synthesis, characterization, and application of metal complexes in the biological and pharmaceutical industry. Many efforts to date have concentrated on the study of the role of these coordination molecules, given the wide range of fields in which they have practical application. In this study, Nickel(II) metal, cobalt(II) metal, and silver(I) metal complexes are synthesized with in Hindo, 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indoleacetic acid (commonly called indomethacin) and characterized by molar conductance, melting point, color and solubility in different solvents to identify properties that will be a crucial in future research applications. A putative structure for the silver indomethacin complex has been presented due to the paucity of data and study on complexes of silver(I) with indomethacin. Thus, it is anticipated that this work will support future research and development of indomethacin-containing metal complexes.

Research on food safety and quality of vended food around the institution communities. []


This study aims to investigate the microbiological analysis and heavy metal content of fries (potato, chicken, and sausage) sold in the Ogun State. Foods that can be purchased from street sellers, hawkers, or local markets and consumed right away are referred to as ready to eat foods. These meals are easily contaminated by dust, exhaust smoke, sand, insects, and hands of prospective customers because they are frequently sold in the open and unprotected. The ready-to-eat fries samples (potatoes, chicken, and sausage) were bought from sellers from Igbesa, Sango, and Lusada in the vicinity of Ado Odo Otta in Ogun State. Samples were prepared, analyzed and biochemical tests were performed using the advised standard procedure. After being digested, samples of the fries were put into the apparatus (AAS) to find out whether heavy metals were present. Results revealed that coliform count, Staphylococcus count and SSBC ranges from 1.5x103 to 8.8x103cfu/g, 1.8x105 to 5.5x105cfu/g and 0.52x106 to 2.8x106cfu/g respectively. Four bacteria genera that include; Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the samples. Fungal isolates from the samples includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Mucor spp and Fusarium spp. Heavy metal analysis on the samples reveals that, Fe, Cu and Zn has a range of 2.454 to 3.421 mg, -0.036 to 0.0035 mg, and 0.240 to 0.081 mg respectively. These findings suggest that some of the food sampled pose health risk to customers. Sanitary and hygienic measures during processing and point of sale of these foods should be done.

EFFECT OF DAIRY VALUE CHAIN SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AND PERFORMANCE OF MILK COLLECTION CENTERS OF DAIRY FARMERS COOPERATIVE OF BYUMBA IN GICUMBI DISTRICT []


This study assess the effect of Dairy Value Chain Support Activities on performance of Milk Collection Centers in Gicumbi district. The specific objectives of this study are: to assess the effect of milk collection and transportation activities, to assess the effect of Rwanda Dairy Development Project (RDDP)’s support activities and to examine effect of Cooperative leadership on performance of Milk Collection Centers under Dairy Farmers Cooperative IAKIB in Gicumbi district. The descriptive and correlational research designs was used for this study and 921 Respondents represent study population with sample size of 169, obtained using Slovin's formula at 10% marginal error and simple random sampling and census technique was used to select the respondents. The questionnaire and interview guide were used as tools for data collection. Validity test was also performed for validation of questionnaire and data analysis was performed using SPSS IBM 23 and MS Excel whereby descriptive statistics, correlation and regression coefficients were used to present and interpret the findings. The study revealed that; the Milk collection and transportation activities, RDDP Support Activities and IAKIB Leadership and management are strongly correlated with performance of Milk Collection Centers since r=0.853**), r=0.883**, r=0.871**, respectively, as (r>0.7<1). The study revealed that Milk Collection and transportation activities, RDDP Support Activities and Cooperative Leadership, resulted an increase of 20.3%; 37.4% and 41.7% for the MCCs performance under IAKIB Cooperative, respectively. The study concluded that Dairy Value Chain support activities have significantly contributed on performance of Milk Collection centers under IAKIB Dairy farmers Cooperative in Gicumbi. The study recommended the establishment of MCCs performance monitoring system as well as organizing the Milk Collectors and transporters into Cooperatives. The study will benefit the dairy farmers’ cooperatives, policy makers and academia.

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF PALM KERNEL CAKE MIXED WITH BREWERY WASTE FOR LIVESTOCK FEEDS PRODUCTION FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE FARMERS []


ABSTRACT Palm kernels, derived from the extraction of palm fruits, serve as the primary source for producing Palm Kernel Cake, a highly valuable component in livestock feed. This study seeks to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional suitability of Palm Kernel Cake through a comprehensive characterization test. The evaluation centers around essential parameters, including Moisture Content, Ash Content, Crude Protein, Fiber, Fat, and Nitrogen. Additionally, mineral analysis was performed employing the precision of an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Furthermore, a series of experimental blends with Brewery wastes were examined, with particular attention to identifying the most promising formulations. Among the diverse blends studied, the standout performer emerged as a combination comprising 50% milled Palm Kernel Cake and 25% Brewery waste. This specific blend demonstrated an exceptional equilibrium of critical minerals and chemical constituents necessary for promoting robust livestock growth. The promising outcomes of this blend hold the potential to significantly enhance livestock productivity, strengthen value chains within the agriculture sector, and contribute to overall economic growth. As a result, we strongly advocate the integration of this optimally balanced blend into livestock feed production processes. By harnessing the rich nutrient profile of this blend, agricultural stakeholders can foster economic development, capitalize on abundant nutrient resources, and ultimately drive progress within the livestock industry and beyond.

AN ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS’ SPINAL INJURY COSTS AT THE NATIONAL SPINAL INJURY HOSPITAL IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA []


Global statistics indicate that based on the extent of spinal cord injury, the first-year cost ranges between $300,000 and $1,000,000. [1]. A review of 68 studies [2], indicated the cost of injury varied widely with mean costs ranging from $14 to $17, 400 and the cost per disability-adjusted life year averted for injury-prevention interventions ranged from $10.90 for speed bump installation to $17,000 for drunk driving and breath testing campaigns in Africa. Health economists are inter-ested in evaluating spinal cord treatment interventions as economic investments. For these stakeholders, a key question is the relationship between the reduction of spinal cord injuries and national income growth as measured by GDP metrics. Public health officials are more focused on promoting health, preventing spinal injuries and related mortalities as well as reducing their health and social burden. The general objective of this study was to analyze the patient costs of spinal cord injury at the National Spinal Injury Hospital, Nairobi County, Kenya. The four specific objectives of the study were to deter-mine the total costs of spinal cord injury in the first year of diagnosis and treatment at the National Spinal Injury Hospital, to determine the variations in total costs of spinal cord injury due to ownership of health insurance, to establish the varia-tions in total costs of spinal cord injury based on extent of the injury and to establish the variations in total costs of spinal cord injury based on the employment status of the patients at National Spinal Injury Hospital.This was an analytical cross-sectional study utilizing quantitative methods on a sample of n=169. Purposive sampling was also employed to recruit par-ticipants comprising spinal injury patients in the first year of diagnosis and data were collected using structured question-naires and secondary data review. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 where descriptive statistics were used to show frequencies and percentages for variables. ANOVA test was used to test the statistical mean differences in the total SCI costs among the SCI patients at NSIH based on their employment status and extent of the spinal injury while paired t-test was used for health insurance status. Findings indicate that it average costs the spinal cord injury patient KSh. 928,326.73 in treatment costs in the first year of diagnosis. The average of sum of the annual direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs of productivity losses for the 169 patients was KSh 187,048, KSh 173,541 and KSh 567,738 per pa-tient respectively. Further, it shows that the employment status of the patients do result in significant differences in the total SCI costs among the different groups ( P=0.000) while the extent of injury and health insurance status does not result in significant differences in the total SCI costs( P=0.6617 and t=-0.6129 respectively). This study will inform the National Spinal Injury Hospital on the importance of health economic studies in the management of SCI patients.

Modification of block Nyström type method (BNTM1) for solving the two point boundary value problems (BVPs) with Robin boundary conditions []


Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a modified block Nyström type method (BNTM1) with one-off-step-point for the numerical solution of two points boundary value problems with Robin boundary conditions. The proposed (BNTM1) is formulated from its continuous scheme which is constructed from an appropriate power series via collocation and interpolation techniques. The convergence analysis of the proposed method is presented that shows that the method is consistent, has zero stability and convergence. The proposed method has an advantage of solving the ODEs directly without reducing it into equivalent system of first order. The performance of the modified method (BNTM1) is demonstrated by comparing with: Bernoulli polynomial of order eight and ten (BP8, BP10) and diagonal block numerical method (2PDD4), the results shows an encouraging performance of the method. Keywords: Block method, Collocation method, Nyström method, Robin boundary condition

Optimising feedback in online courses – initiative from HBMSU []


Instructor feedback is constructive and specific information provided by an instructor to a learner on his or her course work and/or class contributions in relation to the course objectives and expectations. Effective instructor feedback is particularly important in online learning as learners are more likely to withdraw from online learning environments due to delayed, or inadequate feedback, compared with students enrolled in physical classes. This study examined the perceptions of 66 undergraduate and postgraduate learners on feedback provided in eight online courses facilitated by the same instructor at the School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, UAE. The survey sought to elicit learners’ perceptions on the extent to which feedback provided in specified courses were motivational, timely, frequent, supportive, and individualized. Unlike single questions related to learner feedback in most Student Perception of Teaching Surveys, this survey instrument comprehensively explores the dimensions of instructor feedback, aspects of which may not be previously known to learners or instructors. Our results indicate that systematic collection and analysis of learners’ feedback comments have a strong potential to enhance feedback competencies of course facilitators, as well as provide a common platform for both learners and course facilitators vis-à-vis the diverse objectives of instructor feedback.

UNDERSTANDING SOGIE-RELATED VIOLENCE IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS []


ABSTRACT Educational settings can be unsafe spaces for students, especially the marginalized groups, like girls, and lesbian, gay, transgender (LGBT) students. School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) is prevalent all over the world and is identified as an obstacle to global sustainable goals. The violence that happens in schools based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression (SOGIE) manifests in several forms, through physical, psychological, and institutional means. These negatively impact a learner’s mental well-being, academic success, and opportunities later on in life. Through document analysis and a survey of related literature, this public lecture discusses SOGIE-related violence in educational settings and aims to justify the need for a gender-inclusive education. Understanding this violence leads to recognizing heteronormative attitudes and patriarchal practices that perpetuate stigma against women and the LGBT community. Key to challenging these problematic notions is education. Training and workshops on gender awareness among stakeholders are among the many ways described as good practice in addressing the problem of school-related gender-based violence. Educational institutions can also adopt a gender-inclusive approach in its curriculum to make learning safe and accessible for all learners. Keywords: school-related gender-based violence, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, LGBT

Improving Sustainability in Wildlife Conservation Using Community Based Model: A Business Case for Zambia []


In recent years, the importance of sustainable hunting and wildlife management practices has gained increased recognition. This paper examines the importance of sustainable wild life conservation and sustainable hunting in preserving ecological balance, the impact of wildlife management on biodiversity, and the ethical considerations of harvesting wildlife for conservation and sustenance. By exploring the intersection of conservation, tradition, and environmental ethics, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of sustainable hunting and wildlife management practices in contemporary society in Zambia. Government regulators may also be needed to enforce property rights arrangements like catch shares and to monitor resources that remain open access in case socioeconomic or environmental conditions change sufficiently to trigger the tragedy of the commons. Most treatments of wildlife regulation default to various iterations of the government access model and fail even to consider the costs and benefits of private and open access models. The analysis here instead shows the conditions in which each conservation access model is most appropriate: open when a resource is in high supply and low demand, private most of the time, and government when the others fail to slow resource depopulation/depletion.

ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPLICATION ON RENTAL VALUES OF RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES IN CROSS RIVER STATE FROM 2010 – 2019. []


Ecotourism development performs an essential function in the real estate sector of residential and commercial properties within the neighbourhood of ecotourism sites. However, Cross River State being an ecotourism hotspots characterized with the influx of tourist into the state has some huge influence on the real estate sector. This study has identified some of the effects of the ecotourism development on rental values of real estate properties of neighbouring communities. The study specifically examined the effects of ecotourism development on residential and commercial real estate rental values in Cross River State. To achieve the aim of this work, the study adopted the ex-post facto research design. Data were sourced from the registers of the ecotourism sites and data on rental values was collected from the Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the study area. Data sourced were entered into the SPSS statistical software and estimated using various statistical techniques such as the descriptive statistics, multiple regressions and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Major findings deduced from the analysis showed that there were significant effects of ecotourism development on neighbouring residential and commercial properties rental values in Ecotourism Sites in Cross River State. The study recommended the need by the Government, through the tourism commission should introduce programmes that will promote ecotourism development and the real sector as this will creates more openings in the area, patronage and investment opportunities in the various ecotourism sites in the State.

ASSESMENT OF SUITABLE LOCATIONS FOR GREEN LOBSTER (PANULIRUS HOMARUS) AQUACULTURE USING THE VIETNAMESE CAGE SYSTEM (KJA) IN SUKABUMI AND PANGANDARAN REGENCIES []


The bays of Palabuhanratu and East Pananjung present promising potential for lobster aquaculture expansion. This study assesses the suitability of aquatic locales for the cultivation of sand lobsters (Panulirus homarus) employing the Vietnamese cage system (KJA) across the regions of Sukabumi and Pangandaran. Conducted between October and November of 2023, the research utilized field surveys, weighted analysis, and comparative descriptive evaluation. The collected data encompassed primary physical and chemical parameters such as water clarity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, current speed, and depth and biological factors, including plankton analysis, across the depths of 3, 5, and 7 meters. Findings from the suitability analysis indicated that Palabuhanratu Bay attained an 84% suitability score at each measured depth, whereas East Pananjung Bay achieved a higher suitability score of 92% at equivalent depths, designating both locations as Highly Suitable (SS). Planktonic assessment showed Palabuhanratu Bay with a total count of 33,800 individuals per cubic meter and a Simpson's index of 0.805, suggestive of light pollution levels. In contrast, East Pananjung Bay recorded a significantly higher plankton count of 124,500 individuals per cubic meter and a Simpson's index of 0.280, indicative of severe pollution or substantial plankton density. Comparative evaluations further delineate East Pananjung Bay as the more fitting site for sand lobster aquaculture using the Vietnamese cage system compared to Palabuhanratu Bay.

EFFECT OF BLENDED LEARNING AND TEACHING APPROACH ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF 3RD YEAR EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION STUDENTS IN SELECTED UNIVERSITIES (2019 - 2022) []


The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of blended learning and teaching approach on the academic performance of 3rd year Early Childhood Education students in selected Universities. The specific objectives : to find out the effect of blended learning strategies on the academic performance of 3rd year early childhood education students; to establish the indices of blended learning approaches as expressed by 3rd year Early Childhood students in UR and UoK and to determine the indices of academic performance among ECDE students in UR and UoK. This study was descriptive research design. All the respondents from the population of UR and UoK to respond to research questionnaires. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data. As far as this study is concerned, the population was comprised of employees of UR and UoK targeting 308 employees. To describe target population of a study as the point of focus from which a generalization was made regarding the research findings. Thus, sample sizes of 174 respondents. Researcher used primary and secondary data to get all information needed in this study, the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results of regression analysis for the effects of blended learning and teaching approach on the academic performance of 3rd year early childhood education students in selected Universities. The general objective seeks to assess the effect of blended learning and teaching approach on the academic performance of 3rd year Early Childhood Education students in selected Universities. It was found that the address the diverse needs of all learners by using learner-centered strategies providing equitable access to appropriate digital tools and resources” where the respondents are strongly agreed with a mean of 3.86 and standard deviation of 1.100. This indicated that the respondents are strongly agreed with the statement as indicated by the strong mean and heterogeneity of answers as indicated by the standard deviation where the respondents had different opinions of the statement. The purpose of this behavioral study was to test the effectiveness of the intervention. Studying teaching methodology and measuring UR and UoK ECDE students' perspectives on academic performance depending on the method. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through pre- and post-tests. A journal of student and researcher perception surveys. Paired sample t-test was performed. Studying the effect of using blended learning in teaching within other teaching results and variables. It is necessary to introduce new teaching methods into the curriculum to introduce technological advances that improve students' acquisition of geographic skills. Regarding the limitations of this study, future research should examine the impact of blended learning instructional models in secondary education contexts on other programs such as science, mathematics, and English.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS AT RWANDA DAIRY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT []


Rwanda's economy heavily relies on agriculture, with a significant portion of the population employed in this sector. Agriculture contributes approximately 25% to the country's total GDP. However, there are existing challenges in the performance of agricultural projects in Rwanda. Some projects face delays and budget overruns, while others yield low returns. The effectiveness of project management practices employed in these projects directly influences their performance. This study sought to examine the effect of project management practices on the performance of agricultural projects at Rwanda Dairy Development Project. Specifically, the study sought to examine the influence of project planning, project implementation, project monitoring, evaluation, and project leadership on performance of agricultural project. The study drew insights from classical managerial theories such as Scientific Management theory and the System theory of management, Performance theory. The study utilized a combination of descriptive and correlation research designs to comprehensively explore the relationship between project management practices and Agricultural project performance. The target population comprised 117 individuals from three distinct groups: Project district coordinators, Representatives from livestock cooperatives, and Leaders from the central level project. The mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. This study made using primary data collected using administered questionnaire and key informant interview, the target population was 117 respondents from MCCs representatives and project partners and implementers, the entire population in this study was used. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques using STATA version15. The results indicated that project planning has a positive significant effect on project performance. Furthermore, effective project implementation was found to enhance agricultural project performance. The study also revealed that project monitoring and evaluation significantly contribute to project performance. Additionally, project leadership was found to have a positive significant influence on the performance of agricultural projects. These imply that one unit increase of project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation and leadership would lead to an increase of 0.187, 0.185, 0.509, 0.308 units of project performance respectively. It is therefore, this study recommend that all project stakeholders need to be mobilized to understand the needs of project management practices to ensure the performance of project.