Volume 12, Issue 5, May 2024 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Data Protection Challenges on Digital Platforms: A Case for Zambia []


This study investigates the data protection challenges confronting digital platforms in Zambia, focusing on issues such as online privacy practices, personal data breaches, regulatory frameworks, cybersecurity incidents, user awareness, and the impact of emerging technologies. Through a desk study approach, we conducted a thorough review and analysis of existing literature, reports, and regulatory frameworks to reveal key insights into Zambia's data protection landscape. Our findings highlight the regulatory framework governing data protection, including provisions of the Data Protection Act of 2021. Despite legislative efforts, challenges persist in implementation and enforcement, necessitating enhanced capacity building and public awareness initiatives. Privacy practices on digital platforms remain a concern, requiring greater transparency and accountability in data handling. Cybersecurity incidents pose significant risks to user data, emphasizing the importance of robust cybersecurity measures and incident response protocols. User awareness and empowerment are crucial for promoting data privacy and protection, underscoring the need for tailored educational initiatives and awareness campaigns. Additionally, the integration of emerging technologies such as blockchain holds promise for enhancing data security and transparency, although regulatory challenges and interoperability issues must be addressed. This study provides valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to address data protection challenges and foster trust in Zambia's digital environment.

What are the impacts of overconfidence bias on managerial performances and decision-making? []


This research paper summarizes and analyses the findings from 34 studies that investigated the relationship between management, decision making and overconfidence, in other words it is a meta-analysis. In this correlation meta-analysis, we take a closer look at the ways in which three moderators affect the connection between decision-making and management. The notion of overconfidence itself, the method used to evaluate it, and the methods by which management and financial decisions were made were all factors. In this study, we found that the effect of overconfidence was moderate but significant effect on the processes associated with making and controlling financial decisions. Most overconfidence was shown to be associated with commerce, followed by inventiveness and investment. Overconfidence's indirect measures were found to have a greater effect than direct measurements.

CHALLENGES OF ENFORCING LEASE AGREEMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS. RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA []


Managing commercial properties presents both opportunities and challenges. Lease enforcement stands out as a critical aspect requiring meticulous attention, but it is yet to be considered in critical aspect of commercial property management. This study delves into the complexities surrounding lease enforcement in commercial property management, focusing on the Port Harcourt Metropolis in Rivers State, Nigeria. Employing a mixed-method research approach, data was gathered from registered Estate Surveying and Valuation firms using purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires and interviews were administered to 12 Head of Practice representatives, resulting in a 62% response rate. Analysis of the collected data revealed significant challenges including legal procedural delays, tenancy laws, eviction procedures, tenant financial stability, dispute resolution hurdles, tenant legal knowledge, socio-political factors, property documentation, regulatory and legal compliance, zoning laws, tenant selection, liability, breach of lease, and taxation issues. The study underscores the importance of understanding lease agreements, maintaining accurate records, managing rent effectively, and fostering strong tenant relationships. It also advocates for compliance with legal requirements and leveraging technology and professional assistance to optimize lease enforcement processes. By addressing these challenges proactively, landlords can enhance the profitability and sustainability of their commercial property investments.

Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Charcoal Production Areas in Nasarawa State []


Wood charcoal is the most important means of human exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were observed in soil sample and charcoal is the major source of human exposure to PAHs. In the present study, the PAHs concentrations were determined using gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS), and the results showed that all the PAHs analyzed were below and above detection limits of the equipment; and these were considered to present little or high risk to the human health. Results of analytical validations revealed that the GC/MS sensitive to defect and analysed sample, suggesting that the method was accurate, sensitive, reliable and reproducible. The total PAHs concentration in charcoal sample ranged from 0.31± 0.05 to 1.63± 0.015 PPM while the PAHs concentration in soil sample ranged from 12.68 ± 0.02 to 16.93 ±0.01 PPM. The dominant PAHs in soil sample were phenanthrene, naphthalene and anthracene. The concentration of lower-molecular weight PAHs compounds was found to be greater than higher molecular weight PAHs in soil samples. While in charcoal sample, the concentration of lower molecule weight PAHs and higher molecular weight PAHs are above the permissible level or limit of PAHs as compared to United States Environmental Protection Agency (2004) and Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Expose Level (PEL) 2008.

ACTIVITY OF YEAST ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE AGAINST SOME SELECTED PRIMARY ALCOHOLS []


Abstract The enzyme, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is responsible for the reversible oxidative breakdown of alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes, coupled with the reduction of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ to NADH. In this work, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from yeast was optimized and characterized for substrate specificity successfully. The value of the initial rate of enzyme reaction was found to be 0.299, and using the Beers Law, the rate of change in concentration of NADH was found to be 4.7 X 10-5 mol-1/l/min, rate of ADH reaction was calculated to be 23.73 nanokatals. The values of Vmax and Km obtained from Michaelis-Menten were 3.2 mMs-1 and 0.4mM, and from Lineweaver Burk double reciprocal curve are 0.33 mMs-1 and 0.4 mM for ethanol. Although ADH possess a broad spectrum of activity towards a wide range of substrates, however, results showed that ethanol, 2-buten-1-ol and 2-propen-1-ol presented the highest specificity to yeast ADH, while activity of ADH declined on propanol. The variation in substrate specificity may be the result of configuration of the active site of ADH which exhibits geometric specificity allowing binding to different substrates that are geometrically isomeric. It may also be related to the ease with which different alcohol structures fit into active site of the enzyme. Key words; Yeast Alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH), substrate, concentration, ethanol, active site

IOT HACKING: CYBER SECURITY POINT OF VIEW []


IoT is a very complex thing but very common in our lives. This paper aims to understand what the IoT is and to thoroughly investigate security in IoT devices and networks, going through the most common attacks, the risks and consequences of a successful attack, how to prepare so as not to al-low attacks to succeed, and to predict a future path for security in this area. The IoT is constantly growing and the subject of security is very important to address because leaving it insecure opens the way for malicious people, and hackers, to take ad-vantage of vulnerabilities to steal data and information, which can lead to a great deal of damage, especially for companies that often only care about this topic when an incident occurs. Looking to the future of security is also an im portant point, as predicting and improv-ing IoT techniques and approaches prevents future incidents from happening.

Examining the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and economic development. Evidence from the manufacturing sector of Ghana []


Using Ghana's manufacturing sector as a case study, this paper explores the complex relationship between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and economic development The results demonstrate a strong positive relationship between population size and GHG emissions, suggesting that rising population densities fuel increased demand for industrial goods and services and, in turn, drive up emissions. Nonetheless, it was discovered that a number of economic factors, including GDP, manufacturing value-added, and foreign direct investment, had non-significant coefficients, indicating that their impact on GHG emissions in Ghana's environment may not be as great. Even if some of the economic components are not significant, the model fits the data well, indicating that the factors that are included account for a sizable percentage of the variability in GHG emissions. This emphasizes how important economic factors are in determining emission patterns in Ghana's industrial environment. The study also emphasizes how intricate the connection is between Ghana's manufacturing sector's economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. It emphasizes how important it is to take population growth and other economic factors into account in order to fully solve emissions concerns. The analysis provides relevant policy implications to inform focused policy initiatives geared at reducing GHG emissions and promoting sustainable economic growth. Overall, this study offers insightful information about the complex relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions in Ghana's manufacturing sector, which paves the way for well-informed policymaking and well-timed interventions to advance both environmental sustainability and economic prosperity.

ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS FROM IGBETI MARBLE MINING WASTEWATER USING CRAB CHITOSAN. []


The need to treat wastewater before being discharged into the environment brought about the use of crustacean Crab chitosan adsorbents in removing selected heavy metals (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) from Igbeti Marble Mining Wastewater (IMMW). Adsorbent dosage (g), agitation rate(rpm), contact time(min), pH and temperature(°c) parameters were used. Treatment’s Initial and final concentrations of the metal ions present in the wastewater were estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results obtained showed that optimum adsorption was achieved for both adsorbents at 0.1 dosage; 150 rpm Crab Chitosan (CrC) and 50 rpm for Activated Crab Chitosan (ACrC); 15 to 30 minutes at pH of 4 at room temperature (i.e. 25 ℃) with 98.9 to 100% removal efficiencies of the selected heavy metals from IMMW. The Freundlich isotherm models was found to be most appropriate in descending order Pb2+ (0.9980) > Cu2+ (0.9902) > Cd2+ (0.9651) for CrC, while ACrC was Cu2+ (0.9986) > Zn2+ (0.9695) > Cd2+ (0.9657) > Pb2+ (0.8944). All selected heavy metals’ data also best suited Langmuir and Temkin isotherms; then followed the orders of kinetics of pseudo- second order and intra-particle diffusion. Therefore, the adsorbents could be used for sequestration of heavy metals from real wastewater. Keywords: Adsorption, IMMW, metal ions, removal efficiency, isotherm, kinetics.

Constraints to Poultry Farmers’ Participation in Agricultural Insurance Scheme in Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State []


The study examined the constraints on poultry farmers’ participation in agricultural insurance schemes in Jos, south of Plateau State, Nigeria. The study outlined the socioeconomic characteristics of poultry farmers, ascertained poultry farmers’ perceptions towards agricultural insurance, and identified constraints to poultry farmers’ participation in agricultural insurance in the study area. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 120 poultry farmers in the study area. A structured questionnaire and an in-depth interview schedule were used to elicit information from the respondents. Both descriptive and inferential, were employed to analyse the obtained data. The findings showed that 56% of the respondents were male, with a mean age of 37 years. The majority (70%) attained tertiary education with a mean household size of 4 persons. Also, 42% of the farmers had 1–5 years of farming experience, while 82% had 500–1,000 birds. The findings further revealed that the majority of poultry farmers had a negative perception towards agricultural insurance, with a mean score of 2.8, 2.9, 2.5, 2.8, and 2.3, respectively. The result identified delay in indemnity (69%), delay in assessment of losses (55%), and administrative bottlenecks (50%) as constraints to poultry farmers’ participation in insurance schemes. The study recommends prompt and timely payment of indemnity by insurance companies to compensate for losses in any eventuality.

Exploring the Role of Industrial Archaeology in Academia, Public Discourse, and the Heritage Sector []


In this article, we delve into the realm of industrial archaeology, focusing on its significance within the academic discipline, the public sphere, and the heritage industry. We begin by providing an overview of the development of industrial archaeology, tracing its origins from amateurism to its integration into university archaeology departments. We then examine the reasons behind the transformation of industrial sites into industrial heritage, considering temporal models of change that encompass the commodification of the past and the evolving attitudes towards industrial heritage. Additionally, we explore the public's perception and attitude towards industrial archaeology, raising important questions about the nature of these sites, including the role of time, aesthetics, and the subjective experience of visitors.

The Impact of Overconfidence on Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: An Analysis of Cognitive Biases and Risk-Taking Behaviors []


Entrepreneurs frequently exhibit overconfidence, which might cause them to take risks that could have major repercussions. In order to better understand how overconfidence affects entrepreneurial decision-making, this term paper will study the cognitive biases and risk-taking behaviors that contribute to the phenomena. Overconfidence has been found to have both the anticipated positive and negative effects on entrepreneurship, including increased likelihood of starting new businesses or innovativeness (Simon and Shrader, 2012), as well as less successful innovation (Simon and Houghton, 2003) and a higher chance of the venture failing than anything else (Townsend et al., 2010). This study will investigate the relationship between overconfidence and business success as well as the possible downsides of this trait through a thorough literature review and qualitative analysis. This paper will also look into possible countermeasures to overconfidence in entrepreneurial settings, with consequences for both entrepreneurs and policymakers.

QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND PERCENTAGE YIELD OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES EXTRACT IN SOLVENTS OF DIFFERENT POLARITY []


lants have been known to be used in the treatment and management of diseases, and this is due to the presence of phytochemicals. Thus, the screening of plants qualitatively, has got the interest of researchers. Moringa Oleifera is a fast growing deciduous tree with its different plant parts commonly used in herbal medicine, also with good socio-economic and industrial values. In this study qualitative photochemical screening was carried on Moringa oleifera leaves extract to test for alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The results show the presence of all the tested compounds in the crude extract and the aqueous methanol fraction with the exception of tannins which was absent. In chloroform fraction, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins and saponins were all present while flavonoids were found to be absent. Polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were found to be present in the Ethylacetate fraction with exception of alkaloids and saponins which showed negative test. Finally from the result, only polyphenols showed negative test against the n-hexane fraction but all others were found to be present.

OPTIMIZING WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE WASTE SEGREGATOR WITH REVERSE INCENTIVES MACHINE AT AEMILIANUM COLLEGE INC. []


In an era of rapidly growing population, waste management has become a major global concern. The primary challenge that people face, is how to minimize waste that has an adverse effect on the environment. Several waste segregators have been developed through modern technologies to reduce waste and as individuals who are more dependent on technology, they are becoming more conscious of using resources sustainably. A waste segregator with a reverse incentives machine aimed to separate biodegradable from non-biodegradable and offered a reward for recycling plastic bottles and cans. Inspired by the need to improve waste management in the school canteen, the researchers designed this system as a practical solution and a teaching tool for environmental education. To proceed with the project, the researchers used the waterfall model as a methodology to help them look into the salient points of project development. Though face with many challenges and hardships, the researchers upon successfully development, was able to gather IT Experts and Electronics Engineers to assess the project which was fitted against an industry accepted standard evaluation – the ISO 25010. The project was deemed highly applicable gaining an overall weighted mean of 4.25. With an outstanding evaluation result, the findings revealed that the Waste Segregator with Reverse Incentive Machine is ready to be deployed for use of ACI. To ensure the functionality of the machine, maintenance is needed. Future project developers may also be able to modify the design and functionality to make sure it will serve its purpose. Key Words: Aemilianum College, Inc., Recycling Efficiency, Reverse Incentives, Sustainable Practices, Waste Management Optimization, Waste Segregation

ADOPTION OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS FOR COOKING IN OLD SENGA SUBURB IN GWERU, ZIMBABWE []


This study intended to establish the adoption of liquefied petroleum gas as a cooking energy in Old Senga Suburb in Gweru. This was motivated by the fact that the adoption of LPG was in its infancy yet in other countries use was quite advanced. The study was pragmatic and utilized both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. These included questionnaires, interviews and observations. The study established that although there was an upsurge in the use of LPG, it remained an alternative source that was used in cases of emergency, like when there was power outage or load shedding. Most users had small gas tanks, which was an indicator they consumed small quantiles of LPG. Age and gender were not determinants in the adoption of LPG, whilst education had a positive influence. Affordability had an impact on the adoption. The study recommends that education and awareness campaigns on safe use by households will positively influence the adoption of LPG. Users in Old Senga in Gweru, should acquire government approved LPG stoves and gas tanks. LPG should always be made available and users should migrate to modern LPG stoves as this will encourage uptake of LPG.

Caractérisation des rejets liquides industriels : cas de l’abattoir et de la station d’épuration de Bamako au Mali []


De la fin de l’année 2022 au début de 2023 soit une période de quatre mois une étude a été effectuée dans la zone industrielle de Bamako en vue de caractériser la composition physicochimique des rejets liquides industriels avant qu’ils se déversent dans le fleuve Niger. Deux sites étaient concernés par l’étude : l’abattoir frigorifique et la station d’épuration de l’ANGESEM. Des prélèvements d’eaux usées ont été effectués au niveau de trois points des deux sites : l’exutoire de l’abattoir, la rentrée et la sortie de la station d’épuration. Six prélèvements ont été effectués dans chaque point en raison de deux par mois soit six sur les trois points. Les paramètres physico-chimiques tels que le pH, la température, la conductivité, les nitrites, les nitrates, les phosphates ont été déterminés suivant le protocole standard du laboratoire de l’ANGESEM. Les résultats obtenus de ces analyses ont montré que les effluents venant de l’abattoir présentent des valeurs élevées de polluants physiques telles que la conductivité (3610 µS/cm), la turbidité (445 NTU). Les paramètres chimiques ont aussi présenté des taux importants : les phosphates (38 mg/L), le fer (10 mg/L, la DCO (1338,4 mg/L). En plus de ces données, ces eaux présentent aussi des concentrations en DBO5 (107 mg/L), fer (3,4 mg/L), phosphates (15,45mg/L) qui dépassent largement les normes de rejets recommandées. Mots clés : rejets industrielles, Abattoir, Station d’épuration, Bamako.

Residual Analysis For Kumaraswamy Weibull Regression Model with Application. []


In this research paper, we propose a new regression for the Kumar-Samy-Weibull distribution, The coefficients of the proposed regression model were estimated using the Maxim method ,in the finally the proposed model was applied to a set of real data. The proposed model was compared to some models through some statistical criteria

IMPACT OF ABATTOIR WASTE ON WATER QUALITY (A CASE STUDY ON IWOFE RIVER, PORT-HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA) []


The discharge of abattoir wastes has been a major cause of concern of surface water pollution globally due to it impact on public and environmental health. This study, assessed the impact of abattoir waste on water quality (A case study on Iwofe River, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria) using standard methods. Surface water samples were collected at three points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and the results presented. The insitu results ranged as follows; temperature 28.50 – 29.70 oC, pH 7.19 – 7.36, salinity 3.00-6.35 PSU, conductivity 5059 – 11208 µS/cm, oxidation-reduction potential 91.70 – 164.80 mV and turbidity 59.60 – 78.10 NTU, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen 5.90 – 12.90mg/L. The chemical results ranged as follows: Total Suspended Solids 2542 - 5604, Biochemical Oxygen Demand 0.42 – 3.08, and Chemical oxygen Demand 2.90 – 7.75mg/L respectively. Alkalinity 25 – 113 mg/L, total hardness, 990.00 – 1256.00 mg/L, Cl- 3669.08 – 7887.63 mg/L, CO32- 12.50 to 66.00 mg/L, and NO3- 0.85 – 1.08 mg/L, SO42- 133.56 – 283.17 mg/L, PO42- , 90.00 – 100.00 mg/L, oil and grease 0.10 – 0.15 mg/L, and total coliform 13800 - 29800 cfu/mL. Metals results ranged as follow; As (<0.001 – 0.009 mg/L), Pb (<0.001 – 0.002 mg/L), Zn (<0.001), Fe (0.019 – 0.285 mg/L), K (8.245 – 8.540 mg/L), Mn (<0.001 – 0.005 mg/L), Mg (3.345 – 4.076 mg/L), Ca (2.452 – 4.085 mg/L), Ni (0.002 – 0.010 mg/L), Cu (<0.001 – 0.006 mg/L), Cr (0.001 – 0.003 mg/L), Cd (0.006 – 0.013 mg/L). The findings reviewed that most of the analyzed parameters did not meet the WHO regulatory limits for drinking water quality which is an indication abattoir wastes have a potential to worsen scarcity clean water availability, thereby adversely affecting the range of uses of such water bodies. It is therefore recommended that the activities of the abattoir should be monitored closely by relevant agencies in order to prevent environmental and health hazards challenges within the host communities.

The impact of public debt fluctuations on investment in Iraq for the period (2004-2020). []


With public expenditures increasing at high rates and oil prices fluctuating as the main source of public revenues, Iraqi governments have become addicted to filling the deficit in the general budget by borrowing, whether internal or external borrowing. Public debt rates have different economic effects on some economic variables, including investment, as the research aims to show the impact of public debt on investment in Iraq. The relationship between public debt and investment in Iraq during the period (2004-2020) was tested using the ARDL model. The results showed the weak impact of public debt, both internal and external, on investment in Iraq during the study period, which indicates the limited impact of public debt on investment and the latter’s association with variables other than public debt, in terms of the lack of a safe and stable environment for investment, as well as the weak support provided by the sector year in investment development.

INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDER’S ENGAGEMENT ON PROJECT SUCCESS IN RWANDA; A CASE OF PRISM PROJECTS (2019 – 2022) []


This research is investigating the influence of stakeholder’s engagement on project success in Rwanda, a case of Prism Projects. This research achieved the following objectives : to determine the influence of involvement of local stakeholders on success of Prism Projects ; to examine the influence of clarification of responsibilities on success of Prism Projects ; to establish the influence of team collaboration on success of Prism Projects and to evaluate the influence of communication of stakeholders on success of Prism Projects. All the respondents from the population of Prism Projects to respond to research questionnaires. The results indicated that involvement of local stakeholders has a positive and significant effect on success of Prism Projects by Prism Projects (β1= 0.438; t=5.970; p-value < 0.05). This means that 1% change in clarification of responsibilities leads to an increase of 0.438% change in success of Prism Projects by Prism Projects. The results again indicated that there is a positive and significant effect of clarification of responsibilities at Prism Projects (β2= 0.124; t=2.204; p-value < 0.05). This means that 1% change in communication of stakeholders leads to at least 0.234% change in success of Prism Projects by Prism Projects. Findings revealed that team collaboration and significant effect on performance of coffee projects by success of Prism Projects (β4= 0.228; t= 4.261; p-value < 0.05). In regards to focus areas of project identification, Prism Projects should strive to ensure that more focus is directed towards indicators of the project and the components and deliverables of the project. Regarding the influence of planning on the performance of the project, Prism Projects needs to adopt planning practices that involve different levels of stakeholders more, and most especially community members. Keywords: blended learning and teaching approach, academic performance of 3rd year early childhood education.

QUALITÉ PHYSICO-CHIMIQUE DES EAUX TRAITEES PAR LA STATION D’EPURATION DE L’HOPITAL DERMATOLOGIQUE DE BAMAKO []


Cette recherche sur la qualité physico chimique des eaux traitées de la station de l’Hôpital Dermatologique de Bamako (HDB) de Djikoroni-Para, fonctionnant par boues activée a été faite au moyen d’une détermination des paramètres physico-chimique de ces eaux traitées. L’objectif général de ce travail est d’évaluer l’efficacité du système de traitement des eaux usées de l’Hôpital Dermatologique de Bamako. Dix (10) échantillons d’eaux ont été prélevés en cinq (5) campagnes dans les différents compartiments du système entre novembre et décembre à l’entrée et à la sortie de la station. Les résultats et les taux d’abattement obtenus indiquent que le traitement de la STEP de HDB a besoin d’un traitement supplémentaire pour un affinage du traitement garantissant une sécurité environnementale et sanitaire. Ce système est efficient en raison aux abattements. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les eaux usées traitées issues du HDB (entrée du système) présentent des taux d’abattements indicateurs de surcharges comme le phosphate avec une valeur de (-47,67%), le cobalt (-28,81%), l’argent (-10,29%), le nitrite (-632,71%), le nitrate (-85,40%), le sulfate (-6,15%) et le fluorure (-56,54%). Des valeurs de faible élimination ont été constatées au niveau du pH (0,03%), de la Conductivité (5,1%), de la température (1,60%) et de l’oxygène dissous (35, 82%). La turbidité avec une valeur de (67,42%), MES(48,63%),le Chlorure(53,69%),le Nickel (83,69%)et le Manganèse(55,02%) ont présenté des taux d’abattement considérables. Toutefois, certains paramètres de pollution à la sortie ont été observés (MES, NO2- et PO43-) et sont supérieurs aux normes Maliennes du rejet dans la nature et les autres paramètres sont restés Invariables. Mots-clés : Eaux usées, station d’épuration, performances, Bamako.