Volume 13, Issue 1, January 2025 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Cebuano Language Vitality: The Case of Generation Z Pupils []


The Cebuano, though not a minority language has manifested indications of low language vitality especially among today’s new generation. These realities can be alarming these days. What could be the impact of this language decline on the endorsed Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education program by DepEd which empowers the learners’ mother tongue as the primary medium in schools?This research work makes a simple assessment of the elementary pupils’ level of competence in using Cebuano language in naming some basic concepts and tries to analyze what impact these competencies have to the language program. This paper may also interest certain groups who are advocates in the preservation and development of ethnic cultures, after all language and culture are closely intertwined. This is a descriptive study using survey as the main approach in obtaining the necessary data. Results revealed that the Filipino children of today especially those who are coming from the urban areas are early bilinguals. They acquire their first language almost simultaneous with their second and third languages. This is so because of the influx of technology coming from other countries which invade the home especially television and the internet.

ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GREEN TREE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NIGERIA AND CAMEROON []


The New York Green Tree Agreement, established between the governments of Nigeria and Cameroon to address their disagreement on the ownership of the oil-rich Bakassi Peninsula has resulted in specific implementation challenges. This study therefore investigated the degree of implementation of the Green Tree Agreement (GTA). Furthermore, it recognized issues emerging and advantages associated with the execution of the Agreement. The research method utilized was qualitative content analysis, mostly relying on secondary data sources, including books, journals, newspapers, and online materials. Game theory was utilized to juxtapose the relationship between the implementation of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) order of 10 October 2002 and the GT New York Agreement of 12 June 2006. To solve the deficiencies in this study, it was recommended that the governments of Nigeria and Cameroon should emphasize the welfare of displaced individuals and tackle the obstacles hindering the execution of the GT Agreement. Both sides should prioritize bilateralism to resolve the diplomatic concerns that arose during the execution of the Agreement. International organisations, particularly the United Nations (UN) and its agencies must persist in guaranteeing that the objectives of this Agreement are fulfilled to the satisfaction of all parties involved, namely Cameroon, Nigeria, the displaced individuals, Britain, France, and the USA.

Demystifying Cryptocurrencies and NFTs: A Comprehensive Exploration []


This paper explores the fascinating world of cryptocurrencies and NFTs, examining the rise and fall of Bitcoin, the explosion of NFTs, and the underlying technology of blockchain. We delve into the early days of Bitcoin, exploring its meteoric rise. Then, we investigate the concept of NFTs and the hype surrounding them. We analyze the technology behind cryptocurrencies, and blockchain, and question its true potential and real-world applications. The paper highlights concerns about the potential for a crypto market crash, highlighting the risks associated with investing in these volatile assets. Finally, we talk about the misuse of this technology and the effect of it on the current generation.

L'utilisation du logiciel "Solve Elec" pour les simulations des Travaux Pratiques : Rôle et défis dans l'enseignement innovant des Sciences Physiques au niveau secondaire. []


Cet article présente une approche pédagogique novatrice pour l'enseignement des Sciences Physiques au niveau secondaire, axée sur l'utilisation de simulations de Travaux Pratiques, en particulier des circuits électriques, grâce au logiciel "Solve Elec" version 2.5. Face à un manque de matériel expérimental dans de nombreux établissements scolaires, cette approche vise à fournir aux enseignants, en particulier aux débutants, un tutoriel détaillé qui les guidera à travers le processus de création et de réalisation de simulations électriques. L'objectif principal est d'améliorer la compréhension des concepts scientifiques chez les élèves en leur offrant une expérience pratique, même en l'absence d'équipements physiques. En rendant les notions abstraites plus accessibles et tangibles, les simulations permettent aux étudiants de visualiser et d'interagir avec les principes de l'électricité d'une manière engageante. Les ressources proposées dans cet article constituent des outils précieux pour les enseignants, leur permettant d'enrichir leur pratique pédagogique et de favoriser un apprentissage actif. En intégrant ces simulations dans leur enseignement, les éducateurs peuvent non seulement compenser le manque de matériel, mais aussi stimuler l'intérêt et la curiosité des élèves pour les Sciences Physiques. En somme, l'utilisation de "Solve Elec" comme outil de simulation représente une alternative efficace et accessible pour améliorer l'enseignement des Sciences Physiques, contribuant ainsi à une meilleure formation des futurs scientifiques et ingénieurs.

Reduction of Test Defect for Fast-Ethernet Module Device using Lean Six Sigma Methodology Approach []


For Fiber Optic Transceiver module device, very important parameter or characteristics is its Light Output Power Range in which this can be dictated on how big or large the data to be sent to the fiber link and to its receiver also its defines the classification of the module. This study shows how to solve the increasing rejection rate of Fiber Optic Transceiver at Final Module testing which related to its Light output power reading. The study used the Six Sigma Methodology using the DMAIC process as a driver to solve the issue. Solving the recurring problems encountered during New Product Introduction stage prior releasing the product into Mass Production stage

FORTIFICATION OF TAPIOCA WITH TURMERIC POWDERS AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS ACCEPTABILITY BY CONSUMERS []


ABSTRACT This present work is an attempts to enhance the nutritional status of tapioca meal by fortifying with turmeric powder. Fortification of cassava starch in the production of tapioca at different substitutional levels was carried out using standard analytical methods. Proximate analysis revealed that the protein content ranged from 6.12 to 9.02 %, ash varied from 0.92 to 2.22 %, crude fibre ranged from 2.16 to 3.0 % and fat varied from 0.07 to 2.91 % while carbohydrate content ranged from 72.71 to 79.12 % for all the samples. It was generally observed that protein, ash, fibre and fat increased with increase in the level of substitution with turmeric powder. Selected functional properties viz bulk density, swelling power, solubility index and pH from 0.46 to 0.69 g/ml; 8.74 to 9.67 %; 7.36 to 8.81% and 8.80 to 9.20 respectively for all the tapioca samples indicating the functionality of turmeric in food systems. All the fortified tapioca samples were generally liked by the panelists, with tapioca produced from 100% cassava starch most acceptable. Therefore, fortifying cassava starch in the production is a good vehicle for nutritional improvement of the product (Tapioca). Keywords: Fortification, Tapioca, Turmeric powder, Assessment, Consumer Acceptability.

Unveiling the mystery of the Collatz Conjecture []


The Collatz Conjecture is a puzzle often listed among the top ten unsolved math problems, and reputed to be an unsolvable or undecidable conundrum, which yields sequences of numbers of chaotic and unpredictable nature. Some experts say it is a siren song, or a quagmire, while others believe it is a problem out of reach of current mathematics. Its apparent simplicity has a great seductive power, but experts often advise amateurs to stay away from the challenge that has frustrated the best world’s mathematicians, since its proposition in 1937. Contrarily to the prevailing views, I say the Collatz Conjecture is not an unsolvable or undecidable puzzle, and that there is no mystery in it, only elementary arithmetic. The two operating rules imposed by the problem imply a unique arrangement of numbers, which is the arithmetic representation of Collatz Conjecture, and reveals its essence. Under the rationale behind that unique arrangement, the meaning of infinity becomes irrelevant. The sequences built under the Conjecture rules follow a chain of sections of different geometric progressions of integers, which results from an ingenuous combination of the effects of these two arithmetic rules. This arithmetic mechanism accounts for the supposed secret hidden in the Conjecture.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTREME LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IN EKITI STATE []


Objective: This research identified some factors such as mother’s weight, gestational period, mother's age, mode of delivery, sex of the baby, placenta weight that can influence the weight of a baby at birth and determining the relationship among these factors. Methodology: The data used for this research was collected from the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Ido Ekiti, between 2021 and 2022. The Multiple Linear Regression was used in this study is to identify some factors that significantly influence the occurrence of ELBW among newborns in Ekiti State, Nigeria and the variables considered includes mother’s weight, gestational period, mother's age, mode of delivery, sex of the baby and placenta weight. Results: From the analysis, the coefficients of the regression model indicate that placenta weight (β_1=0.11), sex of the baby (β_5=0.150), and mother’s weight (β_6=0.13) were significant predictors of birth weight with p-values less than 0.05. In contrast, gestational period, mother's age, and mode of delivery did not show significant impacts at the 0.05 level. The coefficient of determination R^2 value of 0.71, show that 71% of the variability in birth weight can be explained by the predictors. These findings underscore the importance of placenta weight, mother’s weight, and baby’s sex in predicting birth weight, offering valuable insights for healthcare practitioners.

THE PREVENTIVE ROLE OF FORENSIC AUDITOR IN WHITE-COLLAR FRAUD IN THE NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES []


The study seeks to investigate the preventive role of the forensic auditor by using forensic auditing. The study used purposive sampling methods with a survey methodology based on a questionnaire. The population of the study comprised 210 staff members from the three state-own government universities in Ondo State working in the Audit Departments (Source: Attendance Register, 2025). The study samples 120 senior staff members with ICAN and ANAN certificates. The results showed that responsive planning strategies are insignificant statistically, while strong internal control and management oversight are statistically significant, having a p-value of 0.0000 and 0.00105, respectively. This is how forensic auditing protects the interest of stakeholders through a combination of the exactness of auditing criteria and the rigor of financial investigation. The study concludes that, through extensive investigation and proactive actions, the preventive role of a forensic auditor is vital in preventing white-collar fraud; hence, the dynamic and complicated financial issues surrounding forensic auditing not only detect financial misbehaviour but also strengthen resilience in companies. This study's findings recommend that governments should put in place mechanisms to defend against white-collar fraud to protect the interests of all stakeholders; forensic auditors should ensure the integrity of financial activities in performing their duties, and management should enhance its internal controls to minimize risks and ensure compliance with policies and regulations. Keywords: Forensic auditor, respond planning techniques, strong internal control, management oversight, and white collar fraud

AN OPINION SURVEY ABOUT REPUBLIC ACT 11596 AMONG MAGUINDANAON PROFESSIONALS IN DATU ODIN SINSUAT, MAGUINDANAO []


This thesis analyze and examine the opinions of Maguindanaon Professionals on the implementation of the Republic Act 11596 as an Act Prohibiting the Practice of Child Marriage and Imposing Penalties for Violations Thereof. Recent years, high prevalence of social factors lead young people to contract early child marriages. Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey (2017), 1 in 6 Filipino girls are married before they are 18 years old or the legal age of majority. In fact, this child marriage has been seen to have been practiced in indigenous and Muslim communities in the country. By incorporating evidence from various sources such as books, publications, articles, surveys, and interviews, this study reveals that child marriages have significant implications for the self-development, rights, and future of young people. Therefore, the implementation of Republic Act 11596 is deemed necessary. However, there are concerns about the law's implementation in the predominantly Muslim-populated region of Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, as some argue that it infringes upon the freedom of religious practices of Muslims. Keywords: child marriage, violence and abuse, social factors, rejection, religious tradition, criminalize

BOAT MOVES IN THE WATER BY THE LAW ACTION=REACTION+ABSORPTION []


MOTION IS ROTATION AND ROTATION IS MOTION . This implies that , If a force is applied to a wheel then the wheel rotates such that every point of it moves simultaneously in the vertical cycloid path to cover on the horizontal straight line path. Cycloid is a curve that is traced by a point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls along a straight in one rotation. Cycloid is a part of the circular path. So this path is moved by the centripetal force and simultaneously the straight line path is covered by the centrifugal force. The following motion law is derived from the above fact as, A body is at motion, as long as the applied force on it , converts to the centripetal force as well as the centrifugal force. A body is at rest until the applied force on it , converts to the centripetal force as well as the centrifugal force. This implies that THE FORCE OF ACTION IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF OPPOSITE REACTION AND ABSORPTION This implies that 14 PARTS ACTION = 11 PARTS REACTION + 3 PARTS ABSORPTION => 1 PART ACTION = (11/14) PART REACTION + (3/14) PART ABSORPTION This implies that ACTION = REACTION + ABSORPTION THE BOAT MOVES IN THE WATER BY THE LAW “ACTION = REACTION + ABSORPTION “ Similarly the rocket moves in the space and the balloon moves in the air by the law “ ACTION = REACTION + ABSORPTION “

Microclimat et Enjeux Climatique: Influence des Jardins de case sur le confort domestique des citadins dans la ville de Maroua []


Résumé L’augmentation des températures dans le cadre de changement climatique demeure un problème alarmant de nos jours dans le monde. En zones urbaines, Il y a certes une différence en température entre les maisons qui possèdent un jardin et ceux qui non pas les jardins dans leur enceinte, mais la valeur est de combien pour qu’on s’inquiète? Cette étude examine l’influence des maisons à jardins et celle sans jardins sur la variation thermique dans la ville de Maroua. Les appareils thermo- hygromètre ont été utilisés pour prendre les températures dans les sites choisis, les enquêtes menées auprès de 80 chefs de ménages, des entretiens avec les chefs de service de la Météorologie au sein de la Délégation des Transports dans la Région de l’Extrême-Nord, le GPS pour relever les coordonnées géographiques des deux types de maisons dans la zone d’étude. Les données ainsi collectés ont été analysées par les logiciels XLSTAT, PYTHON, SPSS. L’étude révèle qu’il y a un écart type de 1,2°C des températures entre ces deux types de maisons. Au vue de cet écart type, il ressort que dans la maison à jardin, l’on enregistre une baisse de consommation d’énergie de 3000f, par contre dans la maison sans jardin, on enregistre une hausse consommation d’énergie de 5006 franc. Ainsi, la multiplication des jardins de case dans la ville de Maroua s’avère une meilleure de stratégie pour lutter contre la hausse des températures. Mots clés : Microclimat urbain, variation des températures, maison à jardin, maison sans jardin, Maroua.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MOBILE POWER INVERTER SYSTEM FOR EMERGENCY AND REMOTE AREA DEPLOYMENT []


Epileptic power supply is a major problem in developing countries, therefore this problem calls for solution with locally available materials with innovative idea and one viable means is inverter, but conventional inverters are faced with the problem of immobility and therefore cannot be deployed to a remote environment for emergency purpose. This study designed and constructed a 1.5kVA pure sine wave mobile inverter for remote area application. Proteus 8.9 was used for virtual design and simulation of the inverter system with PIC30f2010 microcontroller in conjunction with LM324 integrated circuit (IC) that accepts low frequency square and high frequency saw tooth signals from SSF1006 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET) after receiving weak direct current (d.c) signal of 12V from the cell for switching and creation of alternating current (a.c) signal. The microcontroller produces a pure sine wave signal from the inputs based on the set of mathematically formulated computer algorithm; this is ready for final amplification and filtering as output power supply. The hardware of the inverter was realized through placing and soldering of electronics components method on printed circuit board (PCB), the system structural framework/chassis was designed using AutoCAD with hardware through welding and fitting. The complete inverter system was packaged in a welded motorized mobile framework, with standby charging station. The system was deployed and characterized with 12V, 100Ah Pb dry cell, and found to last 5hrs 31 minutes for a constant load of 485W. It is recommended that the system be used to power lower load if longer duration is expected.

Marketing strategy in attracting customers and maintaining customer retention. A Case Study of Vodafone []


This study is a study that talks about marketing strategy in attracting customers and maintaining customers retention A case study in Vodafone. For every study, there is a goal that we must reach to achieve all the values desired from the study. One of these goals is to know all the marketing strategies that the company follows and also to know the direction that the company is heading in the future. Analyze how Vodafone focuses on building a strong brand identity through advertising campaigns and social media, determine the impact of its diverse offerings and services in attracting and retaining customers, assess whether its marketing strategy contributes to the development of products and services, examine whether its current plan supports taking advantage of new growth opportunities, and finally provide ideas based on the study of customer happiness and Vodafone's competitive position to enhance the business plan and improve the customer service experience. You can explore how Vodafone focuses on strengthening its brand identity through advertising campaigns and social media, and evaluate the impact of its various offers and services in attracting new customers and retaining existing ones. Whether its marketing strategy contributes to the development of products and services can be examined, and whether its current plan helps to capitalize on new growth opportunities. Finally, ideas based on the analysis of customer satisfaction and Vodafone's competitive position are presented to improve the business plan and enhance the customer experience.

The Role of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Driving Innovation and Business Growth in Port Harcourt Metropolis: A Case Study of SMEs. []


ABSTRACT This study investigates the role of corporate entrepreneurship in driving innovation and business growth among SMEs in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Employing a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 82 SMEs through a structured questionnaire, achieving a 90.1% response rate. Using Spearman's rank correlation and SPSS v.23, the study analyzed the relationship between key dimensions of corporate entrepreneurship—risk-taking and organisational renewal—and performance indicators such as organisational performance and customer retention. Results show a significant positive relationship between risk-taking and organisational performance (Rho = 0.825, P < 0.05) and customer retention (Rho = 0.763, P < 0.05). Similarly, organisational renewal positively influences both performance (Rho = 0.849, P < 0.05) and retention (Rho = 0.768, P < 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of entrepreneurial practices, such as calculated risk-taking and continuous renewal, in fostering innovation, enhancing customer loyalty, and driving business growth. The study underscores the need for SMEs to integrate entrepreneurial strategies to remain competitive and sustain growth in a dynamic business environment.

Hernie périnéale après amputation abdominopérinéale : prise en charge chirurgicale []


L’éventration périnéale est une complication rare mais invalidante pouvant survenir après une amputation abdominopérinéale. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente de 43 ans, opérée pour un adénocarcinome du bas rectum, ayant développé une tuméfaction périnéale symptomatique un an après l’intervention. Le diagnostic a été confirmé par imagerie, excluant une récidive tumorale. Une reconstruction par voie périnéale avec mise en place d’une prothèse a été réalisée, avec une évolution favorable à six mois, sans complication ni récidive. Cette prise en charge illustre l'importance d’un diagnostic précis et d’une stratégie chirurgicale adaptée pour optimiser les résultats fonctionnels et limiter le risque de récidive. Mots clés : Eventration – périnéale -prothèse

Next Generation of Corporate Entrepreneurs: An Empirical Review of Entrepreneurial Practice. []


ABSTRACT This study explores the dynamics shaping the next generation of corporate entrepreneurs, focusing on entrepreneurial education, socio-economic factors, and the integration of technology and innovation. Using an empirical review approach, the study synthesizes secondary data, case studies, and theoretical frameworks such as Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE), and socio-cultural theories. Findings reveal a significant misalignment between Nigeria's educational frameworks for entrepreneurship and the demands of corporate entrepreneurship, emphasizing the need for curriculum reforms that prioritize innovation, strategic renewal, and risk management. The study highlights socio-economic factors, such as culture, gender, and economic policies, as critical drivers and barriers to entrepreneurial education and practice. It underscores the role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in mitigating these challenges while fostering self-efficacy and entrepreneurial success. Theoretical insights from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Hofstede's cultural dimensions further contextualize the psychological and socio-cultural dynamics influencing entrepreneurial behaviour. Technology and innovation emerge as pivotal tools for advancing entrepreneurial capabilities. Integrating virtual learning platforms, digital collaboration tools, and data analytics into educational and corporate systems is highlighted as a key driver of innovation. Empirical evidence demonstrates how Nigerian initiatives, such as the N-Power program and innovation hubs, enhance entrepreneurial outcomes, despite challenges related to implementation and resource limitations. The study concludes that a multi-faceted approach encompassing educational reforms, socio-economic support, and technological integration is essential for nurturing the next generation of corporate entrepreneurs. By addressing these areas, Nigeria can bridge gaps in entrepreneurial education, promote economic development, and foster sustainable corporate innovation.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF CORROSION OF LOW CARBON STEEL USING TAFEL EXTRAPOLATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISMS []


Abstract In spite of the enormous wide range of availability of raw material in Nigeria including orange leaves, most used corrosion inhibitors are imported into the country. The country therefore spends a lot of foreign exchange importing corrosion inhibitors. Nigeria on the other hand has experienced uncountable sudden failure of structure accompanied by huge loss of materials over the years, as a result of corrosion attack especially when low carbon steel are used as structural members. . The soil sample was characterized to determine its resistivity, chloride and sulphate content, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and corrosively towards buried structural material while the absorbed film on LCS surface was characterized using FTIR spectrophotometer to determine the functional groups weight loss measurement, tafel technique were used to determine the corrosion behavior of the metal in the composed medium. The corrosion media were hydrochloric acid (1.0m and 2.0m) an sulphuric acid (1.0m and 2.0m). Also, the effectiveness of OLE as an inhibitor is higher at lower acid concentration both the open circuit potential and the Tafel plots collaborate the results obtain from weight loss technique. Soil collected from Ngwo has moisture content of 37.05%, pH 7.2, soil resistivity of 15000 ohm.cm, ORP of 250mV, sulfate content of 170ppm and chloride content of 80ppm which generally would be “mildly corrosive” to the buried LCS used for underground structures like petroleum tanks.

APPLICATION OF ACACIA GUM, A PLANT DIETARY FIBER, IN THE PRODUCTION OF POWDERED DRINKS []


Abstract Acacia gum, also known as Arabic gum, is a natural dietary fiber obtained from acacia trees such as Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. This fiber is used as a stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier in the production of powdered drinks, providing significant nutritional and technological benefits. As a soluble fiber with low caloric value and high functional capacity, acacia gum can stabilize beverages and prevent sugar crystallization, while ensuring foam and emulsion stability. Research shows that acacia gum can improve digestive health by promoting beneficial bacteria in the gut flora, adding value for the end consumer. Its compatibility with other ingredients and stability under various processing conditions make it ideal for a wide range of food products. In this paper, the use of acacia gum in instant drinks as a sugar substitute was studied, aiming to create a healthier, safer, and functional product with zero calories but the same sweetness. The research involved multiple stages, including laboratory sample production and sensory analysis by a panel of tasters. The results demonstrated improved consistency, aroma, and flavor in drinks containing acacia gum compared to the control sample. Detailed analyzes of sugar content and caloric value showed that acacia gum is an effective substitute for traditional sweeteners, and its advantages in terms of stability and sensory profile make it an innovative addition for new product development. Given the significant benefits, research in this area continues to focus on the optimization of existing formulations and the application of acacia gum in new innovative products. Keywords: Acacia gum, Dietary fiber, Beverage drink, Sweeteners

Advancements in Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Coconut Oil: A Comparative Analysis with Traditional Methods (Review) []


Abstract Coconut oil is heavily consumed as a versatile product with numerous applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Recently, virgin coconut oil has gained popularity as a functional oil due to its health benefits beyond its nutritional value. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) has emerged as an advanced technique, offering significant advantages over traditional methods of coconut oil extraction. Utilizing carbon dioxide as a solvent under specific conditions, Supercritical Fluid Extraction shows the highest efficiency in extracting coconut oil preserving the phytonutrients and medium chain fatty acids, minimizing the environmental footprint. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the efficiency, yield, chemical and physical properties of extracted coconut oil, environmental impact and economic considerations of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, compared to the selected traditional coconut oil extraction methods (Cold pressing, Solvent extraction, Expeller pressing). Additionally, the review explores the applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and challenges associated with the adoption of Supercritical Fluid Extraction in the coconut oil industry. The article concludes with future directions on integrating Supercritical Fluid Extraction into commercial coconut oil processing, focusing on the use of alternative supercritical fluids, optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction parameters, and integration with other techniques. Keywords: Coconut Oil, Virgin Coconut Oil, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Green Extraction Technologies, Antioxidant Activity, Carbon Dioxide, Co-Solvent

Harnessing Ocean Power: Comparing Theoretical Wave Energy Outputs Across Global Regions []


Wave energy is an abundant yet underutilised renewable energy source with the potential to meet nearly 10% of global electricity demand, equivalent to approximately 29,500 TWh annually. This paper explores the theoretical and technical potential of wave energy, evaluates various Wave Energy Converter (WEC) types, and compares wave energy with other renewable sources in terms of cost and efficiency. Results indicate that the most efficient WEC, the point absorber, achieves superior energy capture due to its compact design and multidirectional interaction. Despite its high energy density and predictability, wave energy’s adoption is limited by high costs ($0.35–$0.85 per kWh) compared to solar ($0.06 per kWh) and wind ($0.081 per kWh). Analysis highlights Alaska as the region with the most potential, with an average wave power of approximately 58 kW/m along its coastline. Overcoming economic and technological barriers through innovation and policy support could enable wave energy to significantly contribute to sustainable energy goals by 2050.

THE IMPACT OF GREEN MARKETING ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION []


Environmental sustainability has emerged as a major global political concern and a key force behind innovation in recent years. As customers' interest in eco-friendly items increases, green product firms are expanding quickly. This study examines how environmental information influences the link between green marketing's effect on consumers' purchase intentions. Marketers and businesses may create successful sustainability-focused marketing strategies by knowing how consumers' environmental awareness affects how they react to green marketing. It's unclear how green marketing and environmental information affect consumers' intentions to buy. This study looks at how consumers' purchasing intentions are impacted by environmental information and green marketing. Using a quantitative research approach, the study gathered information from 251 green product users. The findings indicate that green purchasing intention (GPI) is positively and significantly impacted by social influence, perceived green control, environmental concern, and subjective norms. Furthermore, the findings show that the association between GPI and GPB is moderated by environmental knowledge. By examining the relationship between environmental awareness, green marketing, and consumer purchase intention, this study offers useful insights for green marketers and businesses. In order to assist marketers better understand sustainability-focused marketing, it looks at the intricate link between green marketing, environmental awareness, and consumer behavior.

THE IMPACT OF GREEN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE ENTPERPRISE OF JOS NORTH REGION NIGERIA: A MEDIATING ROLE OF GREEN INNOVATION []


This research provides a critical analysis of the impact of green organizational culture on the sustainable growth of small and medium-sized size enterprise in Jos North Region of Plateau State Nigeria with an intermediary function of green innovation. A survey research design method was used through the administration of questionnaires to registered SMEs. Based on Plateau State Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency (PLASMEDAN), the total population of Registered SMEs in Jos North, Plateau State, as of June 2024 stood at 4500. The author used simple random sampling technique to choose the sample size of 367 from the entire population with 95% confidence level computed with the Yamane (1967) algorithm. A multiple regression Analysis was carried out with the aid of the statistical package for social science (SPSS 25). The result of the analysis revealed that green organizational culture and sustainable growth of SMEs are strongly and favorably correlated in the Jos North region of Plateau State. The study also found that major mediating factor in this association is green innovation. The author further suggests that in To immediately improve sustainable growth, SMEs should be encouraged to develop a robust green organizational culture within their business through the adoption of environmental principles, practices, and standards.

A Review on Design and Simulation of Multiple-Controller SDN Based Model in Mininet with SNORT Intrusion Detection System []


The rapid growth of networking and computing technologies in the world has bring into the emergence of a different dynamic and complex network services that instigate cyberspace with insufficient management of network service. In recent times, Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology is an emerging technology that can be effective solutions in the dynamic management of networking and computing services. SDN functions by emulating the entire network and offer benefits including improved performance, transparency and Extensibility. SDN decouple the network control plane from the data plane. It also, incorporates complete intelligence of the network on the system controller in the control plane. Nevertheless, SDN is face up with challenging issues, such as fresh tough security threat at the controller and hardware security. For handling challenging, dynamic and difficult issues in SDN, the applicability of Intrusion Detection systems (IDSs) can be a better solution. IDSs have been recognized and receive attention from scholars and software developers. This offers prospects to observe and manage network security vulnerabilities in SDN network effectively. Today SDN has happened to be cost effective and significant part of networking. So, it is essential to emulate its behaviour. Mininet is widely used for efficient SDN simulation virtually. This paper provides a review on design, simulation and programmable implementation of SDN Multiple-Controller model with SNORT IDS and demonstrates series of experiments on different network scenarios in Mininet.

STUDY ON JOB SATISFACTION AND PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKING FROM HOME (WFH) MODALITY AMONG PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES OF SRI LANKA. []


Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter the economic crises in Sri Lanka, government imposed lock down, travel restrictions and roster working schedule to the government employees. In this context, most of the public sectors have introduced the work from home modality in order to carry out their day to day activity using internet facilities by online or email mode. Referring the literature review, Previses researches about the Job satisfaction and performance of WFH modality are limited in Sri Lankan Context. Therefore it is important to study on job satisfaction and perceived performance of Working from Home (WFH) modality among public sector employees of Sri Lanka. Therefore a study of quantitative approach was designed and the research design was cross sectional survey method in a deductive research approach based on the existing literatures. The primary data was collected using structured online questionnaire to respondents sent by email and social media and secondary data was collected through published research, journals and Annual reports of Government organizations. According to the department of census and statistics, considered 1.2 million public sector employees had to experience the WFH method was take as the population of the study and based on Morgan Table, the sample size (n) was 384. The demographic factors and employment factors were considered as the independent variables and the Job satisfaction and performance were considered as dependable variables in this study. This study involves an inductive technique where hypotheses are developed and tested based on the research question, and there is ten main associations was tested. The data analysis in this study will be used descriptive and inferential statistics. MS-Excel formulas and SPSS software were used to precede the data analysis. The appropriate descriptive statistics including central tendency and dispersion measures will be calculated. Hypothesis testing between two bivariate variables were analysed using correlation analyses techniques. Hypothesis of Job satisfaction and employee’s productivity of WFH modality were tested against selected independent variables namely Age, Gender, Marital status, Highest level of education and employment factors separately to determine any associations between them using correlation analyses techniques. This study examined the association of the individual factors and an organizational factor on the employee perceived productivity and satisfaction during the work from home modality. None of individual factors and an organizational factors were shown remarkable association. These study findings are much helpful to organizational managers to improve their work from home scheduling in the current economic crises situation in Sri Lanka.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FINANCIAL AUDIT RECOMMENDATIONS IN SELECTED VILLAGE COUNCILS IN ||KHARAS REGION, NAMIBIA []


ABSTRACT This study analyzed the factors influencing the execution of financial audit recommendations in the selected village councils within the ||Kharas region, Namibia. Using open-ended questionnaires, data was gathered from 18 participants, includes the accountants, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), departmental Managers, and Auditors. Thematic analysis revealed significant insights into factors, challenges, and potential strategies. Effective leadership and financial constraints emerged as central to implementation success, fostering a culture of accountability and compliance. Community engagement and awareness were identified as critical, yet challenging, with community involvement essential for legitimacy but hampered by lack of awareness. Proposed strategies included community outreach campaigns. Challenges in under staffed, staff training and competency highlighted issues of inadequate training and skilled personnel shortages, suggesting capacity-building programs aligned with institutional norms. Financial capacity and resource limitations were significant obstacles, with strategic resource mobilization recommended for adequate funding. Institutional collaboration and support were underscored, particularly with regulatory bodies, as essential for successful implementation. Abstract Keywords: Financial Audit Recommendations, Village Councils, Leadership, Community Engagement, Training, Audit opinion.

Morale et politique chez Maurice Kamto: plaidoirie pour une ethicisation de la politique en Afrique []


ABSTRACT The incompatibility between moral and politics in Africa since the post-independence period has almost become a refrain. As a result, the decline of morality in African politics has become a pressing issue. It is in this context that the question of the moralization of politics in Africa is being posed afresh. The infernality of the moral and political couple in Africa is made possible thanks to an axiological crisis, which is fuelled by a corruptible modality. It is also accompanied by a good dose of political miserabilism. Which factually implies the legitimization of political lies, the codification of irresponsibility and impunity. Establishing the urgent need for a link between ethics and politics is the teleology towards which this reflection is intended. Keywords: Africa, Morality, Politics, Moralization, Political miserabilsm.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEADERSHIP LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON THE SELECTION, PROMOTION, AND DESIGNATION OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL HEADS IN SOUTHCENTRAL MINDANAO []


ABSTRACT The study evaluated the practices of the schools and the effectiveness of the legal leadership framework. It utilized the triangulation method in data gathering that was conducted in South Central Mindanao to the 174 selected principals. The study made use of the mean and Multiple Regressions as statistical tools in the analysis of quantitative data. The findings of the study revealed the extent of leadership framework practiced in terms of educational leadership was most often practiced, in terms of people leadership was most often implemented and in terms of strategic leadership was often practiced. The effectiveness of leadership framework in terms of selection promotion and designation was all effective. The correlation between the practices of the schools and the effectiveness of the leadership framework revealed there is a significant relationship. The best predictor that emerged was based on multiple regressions on the practices and effectiveness of leadership legal. The framework is the educational leadership. The common problems encountered were insufficient resources and lack of competency. The study concludes that the principals of public elementary schools have adopted the leadership legal framework since it is mandated by law as part of the indicators for performance outcome as a basis for selection, promotion, and designation. Generally, it had recommended strengthening technical support in helping designated principals to pass the principal’s exam to be promoted for the permanent item. KEYWORDS: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Leadership Legal Framework on the Selection, Promotion, and Designation of Public Elementary School Heads in South Central Mindanao

Regulatory T cells and intracytoplasmic IL-6 play a crucial role in Multiple Sclerosis patients []


Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease marked by inflammation and central nervous system (CNS) damage. The disruption of immune regulation plays a key role, involving regulatory T cells (T-regs) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). T-regs maintain immune tolerance and suppress overactive immune responses, but are often impaired in MS, leading to autoimmunity. IL-6, a cyto-kine involved in inflammation, is elevated in MS patients, contributing to chronic inflammation and CNS damage. The interaction between T-regs and IL-6 is complex; T-regs can modulate IL-6, while IL-6 can inhibit T-reg function, disrupting immune regulation and promoting disease progression. Methods: The study included four patients with relapsing-remitting MS and four healthy, age-matched controls. The MS patients were in a stable phase without relapses or immunosuppressive treatment for at least three months. Blood samples were collected, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Intracellular IL-6 levels and T-regs were assessed using flowcytometry and specific monoclonal antibodies for CD4 and CD25 markers before treatment, and reassessed 6 months after treatment. Results: Before treatment, total T-regs (CD3+CD4+CD25+) were significantly lower in MS patients compared to controls. After treatment, T-reg levels in MS patients increased to levels similar to controls. Specifically, the proportion of CD25high T-regs decreased post-treatment. IL-6 levels were initially higher in MS patients compared to controls but decreased post-treatment almost to control levels. The overall data indicates that treatment led to increased T-reg numbers and reduced IL-6 levels and CD25high T-regs, suggesting improved immune regulation in MS patients. Conclusion: T-regs, CD25high T-regs and IL-6 appear to play signifi-cant roles in the immunopathogenesis of MS.

CARICATURE DE CRISE : HUMOUR ET RÉSILIENCE EN PÉRIODE COVID-19 AU MAROC []


RÉSUMÉ La pandémie Covid-19, devenue pandémie globale, a bouleversé la vie quotidienne des Marocains. Entre restrictions, peur et incertitude, l'humour a émergé comme un mécanisme de survie essentiel. La montée des caricatures pendant la crise a été frappante. Les artistes et les médias ont largement utilisé l'humour visuel pour aborder les multiples facettes de la crise sanitaire. Des caricatures populaires ont ainsi capturé l'essence des défis auxquels est confronté le Maroc, offrant une perspective satirique mais stimulante de la réalité. Face à l'adversité, la population marocaine a développé des réactions positives, démontrant la résilience et la solidarité à travers l'humour. Des exemples abondent, mettant en lumière la capacité des individus à transformer le stress et l'anxiété en une force humoristique, favorisant ainsi un sentiment de communauté et de soutien mutuel. Cette contribution explore la résilience par l'humour par le biais d’une étude des représentations sur les caricatures de la crise mondiale de santé Covid-19 au Maroc. En utilisant un questionnaire d'enquête, cette recherche a décelé les perceptions des Marocains face à cette situation inédite en leur présentant des exemples de caricatures de cette période. L’analyse relève que les dessins humoristiques ont eu un impact significatif sur la perception et la gérance de cette crise du côté émotionnel. La discussion met en lumière les implications sociales de ces perceptions et structure le concept de l’humour en tant qu’élément de défense maintenant la résilience face aux différentes crises. ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic, which became a global pandemic, has disrupted the daily lives of Moroccans. Amidst restrictions, fear, and uncertain-ty, humor emerged as an essential survival mechanism. The rise of caricatures during the crisis was striking. Artists and media widely used visual humor to address the multiple facets of the health crisis. Popular caricatures thus captured the essence of the challenges facing Moroc-co, offering a satirical yet thought-provoking perspective on reality. In the face of adversity, the Moroccan population developed positive reactions, demonstrating resilience and solidarity through humor. Examples abound, highlighting individuals' ability to transform stress and anxiety into a humorous force, thereby fostering a sense of community and mutual support. This contribution explores resilience through humor via a study of representations in caricatures of the global Covid-19 health crisis in Morocco. Using a survey questionnaire, this research uncovered Moroccans' perceptions of this unprecedented situation by presenting them with examples of caricatures from this period. The analysis reveals that humorous drawings had a significant impact on the perception and emotional management of this crisis. The discussion highlights the social implications of these perceptions and structures the concept of humor as a defensive element maintaining resilience in the face of various crises.

UTILIZATION OF LIBRARY RESOURCES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A REVIEW ARTICLE []


This study reviews the utilization of library resources among university students, highlighting the patterns, challenges, and factors influencing effective use. Libraries remain central to academic success, providing access to essential resources such as books, journals, digital databases, and study spaces. However, the extent to which students utilize these resources varies significantly due to factors such as awareness, accessibility, digital literacy, and library services. Some university students do not visit their institution library while some had been visiting before but stopped for different reasons. This calls for variety of orientation and assistance that will provide them with information enhancing the maximal utilization of the available resources in the library which will definitely affect their academic performance positively. The paper discusses the utilization of library resources among university students, the types of resources available, the factors influencing library utilization, benefits derived from the utilization of library resources, challenges encountered by students, and the recommendations for improving utilization of library resources.

The Role of Ecnomic Incentives in shaping Responsible AI Development []


As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to transform industries and societies, ensuring its development aligns with ethical principles and the public good has become a pressing challenge. Economic incentives—ranging from government subsidies to market-driven rewards—play a crucial role in encouraging responsible AI practices. This paper explores how economic incentives shape AI development by fostering safety, fairness, and accountability while addressing risks such as bias, misuse, and monopolization. It examines the interplay between government policies, private sector initiatives, and international cooperation in incentivizing ethical AI practices and provides actionable recommendations for policymakers and industry leaders to design effective incentive structures that prioritize societal well-being.