Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Research: Comparative study of bleaching effectiveness of activated carbon produced from natural coal on Palm Oil and Soyabean Oil []


Bleaching of edible oils by adsorption involves selective adsorption of pigments from oils and fats on clay or carbon specifically chosen and activated for specific effects. The essence of this study is to establish the optimum condition necessary for producing activated carbon from natural coal and preparation as regards temperature and time. Activation of carbon is the process of treating the carbon to open an enormous number of pores in the 1.2-20nanometer diameter range. Chemical activation was preferably used due to its shorter production time and lower temperature required to produce activated carbon. During chemical activation, the source material is impregnated with certain chemicals typically an acid, a strong base or a salt (phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, calcium chloride and zinc chloride) such that the raw material is carbonized at a low temperature, usually 4500C – 9000C. This process results in a very large surface area that is about 600-1200 square feet per grams depending on the source material.Natural coal was carbonized and activated to obtain a high degree of degummed and less resinous oils and oils freed from impurities. The experiment was carried out in a furnace that could be heated up to 5000C after the natural coal has been dried. The natural coal was subjected to chemical activation such that it was weighed and mixed with 100mls of 35% phosphoric acid in an oven operating between 600C-800C for about 14400secs. Adsorption was carried out on palm oil and soyabean oil using activated carbon produced from natural coal. The absorbance and concentration of the two samples of neutralized oils were measured using a UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 460nm. The results obtained as %absorption for palm oil are 31.20, 30.90, 30.80, 29.30, 20.20 and 09.50 while the % absorption for soya bean oil are 86.90, 85.90, 86.90, 79.70, 78.40 and 29.60 respectively. Conclusively; according to this research work, it was recorded that activated coal is more effective in bleaching palm oil than it does on soya bean oil. Keywords:Activated carbon, bleaching effectiveness, natural coal, palm oil, soyabean oil

Evaluation of judicious use of nitrogen by using green seeker technology with comparison to other technologies in rice crop []


Prices of inorganic fertilizers are increasing day by day and farmers depend on application of these fertilizers which increases cost of production of rice crop. Farmers applied un-judicious and over dose of nitrogenous fertilizers in rice crop. This multi-year and multi-location study was conducted for nitrogen (N) management using Green Seeker (GS), leaf color chart (LCC) and departmental recommendation (DR) which were compared to farmers' practice (FP) in order to reduce N and yield losses of rice, during 2017-2019. The number of tillers and yield recorded at Pindi Bhattian and Challianwala were differed non-significantly during 2017. However, significant difference in yield was recorded in GS (2860 kgha-1) and LCC (2760 kgha-1) compared to DR (2480 kgha-1) and FP (2230 kgha-1) at Phalia. The number of tillers and yield was non-significantly differed at Mangat Neecha (District M. B. Din) during 2018. In case of LCC number of tillers recorded significantly higher compared to other treatments at Raikay (M. B. Din) but yield was non-significant. Similar trend for tillers and yield was recorded at Bilal Pur. Green Seeker and Leaf Color Chart showed similar trend in yield (3843 & 3753 kgha-1) but differed significantly with Departmental Recommendations (3487 kgha-1) and FP (3353 kgha-1) at Kotli Mano Sidhuwan (District Gujranwala). At Nandipur (District Gujranwala), significantly higher tillers were recorded in GS, LCC and DR treatments compared to FP; however yield in GS (4070 kgha-1) and LCC (4153 kgha-1) was significantly higher compared to DR (3623 kgha-1) and FP (3097 kgha-1). The number of tillers differed non-significantly at Raikay but yield of DR (4877 kgha-1), LCC (4413 kgha-1) and GS (4437 kgha-1) was significantly higher as compared to FP (3717 kgha-1). The net returns (Rs. 109529 ha-1) and BCR (2.02) were recorded high in Green Seeker followed by LCC. These techniques improve nitrogen fertilizer efficiency resulted to reduce the input cost in transplanted rice crop. In conclusion, Green Seeker is an easy to use, cost effective technique for effectively improving nitrogen fertilizer management in transplanted rice followed by leaf color chart (LCC) and other treatments without compromising the yield while saving nitrogen fertilizer and improving economic benefits of the farmers.

Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health of Surgeons and Physicians; cross-sectional analytical study []


Abstract Objective: Comparison of mental health issues among surgeons and physicians due to covid pandemic. Study design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Aziz Fatima Hospital and Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: 30th August 2021 to 28th of February 2022. Material and method: Data was collected using an online questionnaire mainly focused on five components of the WHO definition of mental health which was distributed among surgeons and physicians of private and public sectors of Faisalabad. Result: A total of 127 surgeons and physicians are included. Overall, 68.9% were male and 31.1% females. Of the total sample 22% of the physicians are aged from 18 to 25 years and 78% of the physicians are aged from 25 to 65 years similarly 20% of the total surgeons are aged from 18 to 25, 75% of the surgeons are aged from 25 to 65 and 3.3% are above 65years. Among them, 45% of physicians and 59.01% of surgeons think that COVID-19 has affected their mental health negatively. 46.6% of physicians and 45% of surgeons were at war with themselves during the pandemic 90% of physicians and 91.6% of surgeons were aware of their goals, needs, and problems. 95% of physicians and 96.6% of surgeons were able to cope with stress and anxiety during the pandemic. 33% of physicians and 20% of surgeons felt like losing their self-esteem during the pandemic. 31.6% of physicians and the same percentage of surgeons had self-control problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The COVID pandemic has almost equally affected the mental health of physicians and surgeons however it is noticed that mental disturbance was slightly more in physicians in terms of losing their self-esteem but most of them were able to cope with stress and anxiety. Keywords: Mental health issues, surgeons and physicians, covid pandemic, private and public hospitals.

Students’ Critical Thinking, Process Skills in Science and Controlled attention in Mixed Ability Physics Classrooms []


The study determined the predictive power of thinking critically, process skills in science and controlled attention on cognitive ability levels of students in Physics in Benue State, Nigeria. This study was anchored on Gardner (1983) theory of multiple intelligences. Correlationnal research design was utilized for the study. The study population was 5138 public senior secondary science students. A sample of 550 SSII students who offered Physics in 20 secondary schools was used. Science Students Process Skills (CTSAS), Critical Thinking Self-assessment Scale (CTSAS), Attention Lapses Clicker (ALC) and Ability Group Test (AGT) were used for data collection. Validation of the instruments was done by three experts and the reliability index of SSPS, CTSAS, ALC and AGT was established using Cronbach Alpha and found to be 0.87, 0.85, 0.79 and 0.77 respectively. Linear normalization and transformation to standard scores of raw data collected for all variables was done. Administration of the instruments was done by the researchers with the help of teachers teaching Physics. Regression analysis was used for data analysis. Findings revealed that, the foretelling power of process skills in science on students’ cognitive ability level in physics is significant. Similarly, the predictive weight of critical thinking on students’ ability level in physics is significant. Likewise, the foretelling power of controlled attention on students’ cognitive ability level in physics is significant. Finding further revealed that the joint predictive power of process skills in science, critical thinking and controlled attention on students’ ability levels in Physics is significant. The study therefore recommend in the midst of others that Physics teachers should monitor students in Physics class to ensure that they possess appropriate insight knowledge to develop their intellectual, social and physical skills which are fundamental basis of student's identity. These are necessary ingredients for proper acquisition of high scientific process skills.

Effect of heat source/sink on MHD slip flow of an exothermic fluid in a convectively heated porous vertical channel []


An adventure to trace the effect of heat source/sink on MHD slip flow in a convectively heated porous vertical channel is achieved. The analytical solution of the set of differential equation is derived by perturbation method. The influence of some active parameters such as Hartman number(Ha), Navier slip parameter(), Frank-Kamenetskii parameter(λ), Suction/injection parameter(S) and heat source/sink parameter(Q) are discussed on velocity, temperature, skin friction and Nusselt Numbver in details and line graph. The results show that; Velocity, Temperature together with Skin friction and Nusselt number (at y=0) decrease with a rise in Heat Source/sink parameter(Q) but the skin friction and Nusselt number rise at y=1

Laser Assist Scattering with Lennard-Jones Screening Potential for Ar-Atom []


The objective of this work is to study the laser-assisted electron-Argon scattering. For this authors design screening Lennard-Jones Potential and develop mathematical model to study the DCS with photon energy, momentum and scattering angle. The differential cross section (DCS) nature was study using online MATLAB student package with various influencing parameters. Notably, the DCS for the first-order Bessel function exhibits higher values than its zero-order counterpart, owing to the unique attributes of Bessel functions. The first order introduces amplitude modulation, triggering phase shifts and constructive interference, resulting in elevated DCS values. Moreover, the interplay of screening parameters, laser field strength, and momentum changes significantly influences scattering behavior. Higher screening reduces particle interaction, yielding decreased DCS, while lower screening intensifies scattering, leading to higher DCS values. These findings provide crucial insights into the underlying physics of these interactions, offering valuable guidance for interpreting experimental results and understanding particle behavior in this specific context.

Impact of field on absorption cross-section for photon by hydrogen 1s-3s atom []


The objective of this work is to study the photoabsorption for 1s to 3s hydrogen atoms in presence of field for this we develop mathematical model and compute the develop equation. The nature shows photoabsorption increase with change in electron momentum within the field. The study identifies characteristic features in photoabsorption spectra, demonstrating an initial sharp increase in total photon absorption indicative of resonance-driven electronic transitions. As photon energy increases, as observed in transitions from 3s, the absorption probability continues to rise due to the capacity of higher-energy photons to induce transitions to elevated energy states. These findings offer profound insights into the intricate behavior of photoabsorption in hydrogen atoms, emphasizing the pivotal role of discrete energy levels and resonance phenomena. Understanding these interactions holds implications for a wide array of scientific and technological disciplines, providing a foundation for advancements in fields ranging from quantum physics to material science and beyond.

Exploring the Originality of Islamic Philosophy, A Critical Study []


Theology is the study of religions in philosophy. It is generally declared as a set of unreal and superstitious ideas, values and rites. This concept is also applied on religion of Islam. But when we study Islam, it is not based upon unreal ideas and values. It is real and complete code of life and has natural approach about the existence of the universe and human behavior. So, it should be considered a realistic philosophical system; not as theological philosophies based on superstitious beliefs. This critical study delves into the concept of originality within Islamic philosophy, aiming to illuminate the distinct contributions and unique features that have emerged from this tradition. Critiques and controversies surrounding the originality of Islamic philosophy are confronted head-on, addressing accusations of cultural borrowing and stagnation. Through case studies of original thinkers and their groundbreaking ideas, this study highlights instances where Islamic philosophy demonstrates innovation and distinctiveness. Moreover, it delves into the ongoing dialogue between Islamic philosophy and various traditions, unveiling the interconnectedness and exchange of ideas that have enriched the philosophical landscape. This study underscores the significance of recognizing the originality of Islamic philosophy. Through rigorous analysis and reflection, it offers insights into the intricate fabric of Islamic thought, challenging misconceptions and inviting further exploration into the depths of this profound tradition.

Spatial And Temporal Variation of Land Price in the city of Kigali. Case study: Gasabo District []


ABSTRACT Land resources are fixed while land users are usually dynamic. Thus, the demand on land is higher than the supply of land resources leads to the increase of land prices and value. Land is too expensive in core urban areas than peri-urban areas due to high plot accessibility to infrastructures and economic activities. Indeed, land is not sold and compensated at equal price, even if land parcels have equal size and same location. Therefore, the variation of land prices is a critical issue that needs to be assessed in order to know the driving factors to the spatial and temporal variation of land prices. In this regard, we conducted the study of assessing the spatial and temporal variation of land prices in Gasabo District. In this research, we have analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of land prices in last ten years from 2009 up to 2018, the rate of land prices increase from 2009 to 2018, current cost of average land parcel for residential houses in developable sectors, the driving factors of spatial and temporal variation of land prices, the impact of variation of land prices on housing and infrastructure provision and its impact on community living condition. Finally, the research proposes the alternative measures that should be taken into account to control land prices variation in Gasabo District. The research objectives have been achieved by using various methods and techniques such as online research that help us to understand the concepts of the research topic, interview with sector land officers and land brokers where the interview guides were used in data collection, and spatial data analysis using ArcGIS software. Spatial and non-spatial data collected from the field were manipulated as a charts and scatterplot by using Microsoft excels and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). We found that the land prices in Gasabo District have been increased from 2009 up to 2018 and also, the variation of land price in time and space is due to the high land accessibility to roads, markets, electricity lines and electrical facilities, water utilities and water facilities, population growth, access to health and education facilities, topographic nature of plot, distance from CBD, distribution of public facilities, approved local development plans and also, land use and zoning regulations and categories are the most driving factors to spatial and temporal variation of land prices in Gasabo District. This research found that high price of land leads to high cost of housing construction and the low income earners are discomfited to be neighbors of those with high income. It is not easy to compensate for new planned infrastructures and it is costly to relocate people for infrastructure provision in an area with high land prices. In order to control the variation of land prices in Gasabo District, Institutes of Real Property Valuers (IRPV) should updates reference land prices at most every two years from provincial to village level in order to guide land sellers and buyers. Land brokers and housing construction related business have to be managed by Gasabo District in order to avoid inappropriate way of pricing land. Rwanda Transport and Development Agency (RTDA) in collaboration with Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) should balance the establishment of infrastructure and other urban amenities to equalize the development of all sectors. Keywords: Land, Spatial and Temporal variation, Land market, Land price and Land value.

Négociation de l'identité linguistique : alternance de codes et choix de langue au sein de la communauté juive marocaine. []


This article delves into the complexity of the linguistic identity of Moroccan Jews, despite their small numbers as residents of Morocco. The Jewish community has deeply influenced the country's culture through its linguistic richness, diverse traditions, and customs. The essay focuses particularly on the practice of language alternation, where Moroccan Jews switch between languages in their conversations or speeches. The linguistic identity of Moroccan Jews is shaped by three main dialects: Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Berber, and Judeo-Spanish, each bringing its own phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic specificities. These linguistic variations enrich the cultural mosaic of the community. The article highlights the impact of code-switching and language choice on the diversity of spoken Judeo-Moroccan, thus contributing to the forging of a linguistic identity within a multilingual society. It also explores the dynamics of code-switching, a common practice among Moroccan Jews that allows them to adapt to various contexts and interlocutors by using the most appropriate language. Numerous factors influence this code-switching among Moroccan Jews, including their cultural and religious identity, historical and cultural influences, bilingualism and multilingualism, as well as multilingual business contacts. Furthermore, the article presents case studies and testimonials from Moroccan Jews residing in Israel, shedding light on their way of speaking and preserving their linguistic and cultural identity.

Harnessing Available Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into Power Generation for Educational Institutions []


The unavailability of constant power supply at the University of Port Harcourt campuses has been a bottleneck faced by the university community. The Choba campus of the University barely had power for 8 hours daily. Renewable energy sources (RES)are yet to be tapped into as available sources include solar and biomass energy which can be harnessed to provide electric power for the campus. This research work in the verge of improving electric power for the University campus therefore deemed it necessary to harness the RES available by presenting a hybrid generating system. A solar PV/Biogas power system is to be incorporated to the available Grid/Diesel power system. This renewable energy system takes into consideration the amount of solar radiation within the university campus in developing the solar PV system and also the amount of human waste (sewage sludge) made available in the university hostels occupied by students within the campus is utilized in the biogas generation which in turn generate electricity. The university electricity load was the basis for determining the renewable energy system capacity. This system incorporation as calculated was simulated in HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewables) software as the result of the system performance shows that 17% of the total electricity generated by the system came from the renewable energy systems of solar and biogas. This study approach of harnessing these available renewable resources creates room for technology advancement towards providing solution to our ever rising electricity demand in the university campus. This research study recommends that available RES should be utilized as its prospects are quite recommendable and careful consideration should be made towards actualizing this study gains.

Does Business Incubation Help? Product Launching Challenges in Technology- Based New Ventures In Kenya. []


Development of new products and their launching is the most critical task for the entrepreneur during the new venture creation process. However, development and launching of new products are faced by challenges especially for the new ventures that lead to product failure in the market. Top among the challenges associated with product development and launching is pushing an idea to commercialization despite negative market research findings. The other challenges include incorrect positioning of the new product, overpricing of the new product and insufficient new product promotion. Technology business incubators impact on new ventures results in access to new knowledge, expertise and cost-effective access to leading-edge research and networks which consequently enables new ventures to launch products without large overhead cost couple with the credibility of the new venture products. Therefore, this study sought to explore product launching challenges in incubated technology-based new ventures in Kenya. Review of literature reveals knowledge gaps on the actual product launching challenges in new ventures, and the empirical evidence on the effect of business incubation on product launching. The study was informed by the entrepreneurial sense-making and new venture creation process model. Given the research objective, descriptive research design was appropriate for this study. A total of 9 incubators and 364 incubatees from Nairobi Metropolitan were involved in the study. From the business incubators, stratified random sampling was applied to obtain a sample size of 182 incubatees. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from the incubatees while an interview schedule collected qualitative data form the incubation managers. The quantitative was analyzed using SPSS tool; version 25 that generated both descriptive and inferential statistics. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated the magnitude of relationship between business incubation and product launching, with a positive correlation; r=0.429, p<0.05. Bivariate regression analysis indicted that business incubation had a statistically significant effect on product launching, with the beta coefficients; β = 0.645, p<0.05). The qualitative data was analyzed using a qualitative analysis process. The analysis indicated that majority of the incubator managers conquered that high product development cost was a key concern for incubatees seeking incubation services. Entrepreneurs sought incubation services to access production infrastructure innovation resources for a feasible product launching. Therefore, this study recommends that the business incubators value proposition should strengthened to address the product launching challenges in Kenya. The business incubators should increase the provision of training on product development skills and intellectual property. The provision of subsidies to the tenants would help in cutting product development cost. Key Words: Business incubation, Product Launching, Technology- based new venture Creation

Haematological response of dogs with natural haemo-parasitic infections in Abeokuta, Ogun State []


This Undergraduate Project was carried out in Abeokuta, Ogun State where a hundred blood samples were collected from dogs from the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Abeokuta and also from other locations across Abeokuta. Haematological examination was carried out on all blood samples with the use of an Auto Haemo-analyzer. Reticulocyte counts were also done manually with the aid of a special stain (New Methylene Blue). Parasitological examination was carried out on each of the blood samples with the use of Giemsa stain to detect the presence of haemoparasites. Out of the 100 blood samples that were collected, 21 samples were with infection while 79 samples were without infection. Out of the 21 samples, 4 of them were infected with trypanosomes (19.05%) while 17 of them were infected with Babesia (80.95%). There was marked anaemia and increase in Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) in the samples with both trypanosome and babesia infection. The only notable change in the mean values of samples with trypanosome infection was an increase in Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin. There was marked anaemia in the mean value of the samples with babesia infection as well as a decrease in the Red Blood Cell count. The level of reticulocytosis in the samples with trypanosomes were higher than the samples with babesia. Results from this study showed that infection with babesiosis inserted more harm in terms of anaemia than in trypanosomiasis infection.

HPV typing in the Department of Pathological Anatomy Cytology of CHU ORAN: about a series of 142 HPV tests []


Introduction: Persistent infection with oncogenic human papilloma viruses (HPV) is the necessary cause for the development of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: we analyzed at the level of the pathological anatomy cytology department of the CHU Oran 142 cervical samples with the Digene HC2 HPV DNA test and this together with a cervical smear (Papa Nicolaou smear) in order to identify women presenting a high risk development of cervical cancer. Results: Among the 142 cases analyzed: 6 patients are positive for high-risk HPV, 113 cases are negative and 23 cases present invalid tests to be redone. Conclusion: FCU is a simple, non-invasive, economical and easy-to-perform means for the detection of precancerous lesions of the cervix. However, it is insufficient; molecular co-testing with the high-risk HPV test would increase the sensitivity and specificity of screening.

*Discover the Pioneering Study on Strokes in Morocco: Redefining Post-Stroke Outcomes and Quality of Life []


**Advertising Article** *Discover the Pioneering Study on Strokes in Morocco: Redefining Post-Stroke Outcomes and Quality of Life* A stroke is not merely a physical ordeal; it's a profound upheaval impacting all facets of life. In Morocco, this reality takes on a particular significance, linked to epidemiological transition and the growing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Our groundbreaking study, conducted between March and June 2018, focused on 50 Moroccan patients who survived a stroke. The results unveil crucial insights into the long-term, defining sociodemographic and clinical factors influencing post-stroke outcomes. **Key Highlights of the Study:** 1. **Epidemiological Transition in Morocco:** With over 33% of Moroccans hypertensive, 29% with high cholesterol, and over 13% obese, strokes become a major concern for public health. 2. **Quality of Life Post-Stroke:** The deterioration in the quality of life, for both patients and caregivers, underscores the importance of understanding and improving the psychological and social aspects related to this condition. 3. **Sociodemographic Profile of Moroccan Post-Stroke Patients:** Demographic data reveals trends, including a female predominance, a majority of married patients, and varied educational levels. 4. **Current Clinical Evaluation:** Recovery of ambulation, vesico-sphincteric complications, skin condition, and spasticity are crucial parameters influencing functional outcomes. 5. **Factors Associated with Poor Functional Outcomes:** Striking results indicate a significant correlation between the hemorrhagic nature of the stroke, low income levels, prolonged hospitalization, and the presence of spasticity. **Conclusion:** This study sheds light on the complexity of post-stroke challenges in Morocco, emphasizing the urgency for an adapted healthcare policy. The reserved prognosis and profound alteration in outcomes and quality of life necessitate targeted interventions to enhance the lives of stroke survivors.

Zero-Shot Learning: Methods, Applications & Challenges []


Zero-shot learning (ZSL) or learning with zero training samples is an innovative machine-learning technique that overcomes the limitations of traditional classification methods. It enables models to learn and classify novel (unseen) classes without using any labeled data from those classes during training. With ZSL, machines can learn about previously unseen concepts, opening up new possibilities in image recognition and text understanding. ZSL could bring about a paradigm shift in various real-world applications, particularly in domains where labeled data is limited or costly such as image classification, natural language processing, and medical diagnosis. This paper provides an easy-to-understand review of ZSL methods, applications, and challenges to facilitate understanding and implementation of zero-shot learning.

CONTRIBUTION AND CHALLENGES OF ADOPTION OF DRIP IRRIGATION KIT TECHNOLOGY TO CROP DIVERSIFICATION AMONG COMMUNITIES IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA []


Embracing crop diversification contributes to sustainable agriculture, resilient communities, a healthier environment. The adoption of drip irrigation kit technology has not only improved water efficiency, but has also played a pivotal role in encouraging crop diversification and enabling farmers to explore a wider range of crops in a sustainable and resource-efficient manner. Despite the benefits, the adoption of drip irrigation kit technology faces several challenges in promoting crop diversification. This study was carried out to establish the contribution and challenges of adoption of drip irrigation kit technology to crop diversification in Kajiado County, Kenya. The target population for the study was 155 small-scale drip kit irrigation farmers in three wards (Namanga, Mashuru, and Isinya) in Kajiado County. It also involved ten key informants sourced from community local leaders, ward agricultural extension officers (WAO) and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Scientists who have been coordinating the donor funds and the government of Kenya funded farming technologies in the area. Data from the questionnaires were coded to open data kit (ODK) software, then imported to excel and SPSS software for analysis. Results showed that 30% of the respondents diversified their crops to increase crop yields and reduce losses while 22.5% diversified to introduce new crop varieties. Results also showed that 35% of the respondents rated the contribution of drip irrigation kit technology on influencing crop diversification as high. Further, blocking of drip irrigation pipes was a major challenge for 35.3% of the respondents. The study concludes that drip irrigation kit technology is an approach that will go a long way in positively affecting the livelihoods of the community in the study area and therefore need for strengthening measures to promote the technology for economic use and utilize the available water.

Assessment on the Impacts of Urbanization on Wetland. Case Study City of Kigali []


Urbanization's impact on wetlands, a global concern, is explored through a case study in the City of Kigali, Rwanda. With rapid demographic growth and limited agricultural land, the city faces notable pressure on wetland ecosystems due to urban expansion. The study employs GIS, remote sensing, and secondary data sources to analyze changes from 2000 to 2023. Kigali's wetland spatial distribution undergoes significant alterations, particularly between 2008 and 2018, attributed to human activities like agriculture and dam development. The overarching issue is understanding urbanization's impact on ecological and socio-economic well-being in Kigali. Data collection involves library and online research, coupled with spatial data analysis techniques. Urbanization changes reveal a marked increase in built-up areas, impacting agriculture and forests. Encroachment on wetlands intensifies from 2000 to 2023, with agricultural land diminishing and built-up areas expanding, posing a threat to wetland ecosystems. Urbanization effects on Kigali's wetlands are diverse, including habitat loss, water quality degradation, disrupted hydrological processes, and biodiversity decline. Challenges identified range from wetlands being used as dumping sites to resource exploitation and negative impacts of industrial development. To counter these effects, the study proposes sustainable urban planning, strict regulations, public awareness, wetland restoration, stormwater management, collaboration, economic incentives, and long-term monitoring. Striking a balance between urban development and wetland conservation is crucial. Existing policies governing wetland management in Rwanda are recognized, but strict implementation is crucial. The Rwandan government has established laws and policies, yet their effectiveness hinges on rigorous enforcement. In conclusion, the research provides insights into the complex interplay between urbanization and wetland ecosystems in Kigali. By analyzing changes, identifying challenges, and proposing solutions, the study contributes to sustainable urban development and environmental conservation. The findings offer guidance for policymakers, environmentalists, and communities to collaboratively navigate urban growth and wetland preservation in Kigali and beyond. Keywords: Wetland, Urbanization and Urban Wetland

Accessibility Analysis to Improved Public Water Sources in Kigali City, Case Study of Rwampala Cell” []


Accessibility to improved water is essential to human being though various uses such drinking, washing, industries and many others for human development. Therefore, adequate accessibility is one of the aspects accounted to ensure the wellbeing of people. The current study focuses on the analysis of physical access to improved water sources in Kigali city with the case of study Rwampala cell. The physical access to improved water sources was analyzed by computation the distance travelled to improved public water sources, and the level of coverage of improved public water sources within the study area. Data was acquired though, field observation, google earth. Field observation has been used to observe the actual location of the public water sources and distribution. Google earth and GIS base map have been used to collect coordinate points of these public water points, and accurate boundary of the study area. Spatial analyst tools available with ArcGIS were used for analysis and mapping. The result revealed that, the available public water sources are the IPWS supplied by WASAC, unprotected spring and river Rwampala distributed in Rwampala cell. However, this research study has focused on the accessibility to improved public water sources as supplied by WASAC and accessed by majority people. Despite uneven distribution of IPWS in Rwampala cell, around 81% of the households are located within an acceptable distance (200 meter). Therefore, in measuring the current level of access to drinking water source in a community it is recommended that, researchers should use GIS analysis. In the provision of water infrastructures, the planners and decision makers should consider the use of GIS analysis to ensure the standard access and evenly distribution of drinking water source and making collaborations among local community, government and non-government organizations by taking into account the importance of drinking water to maximize the standard access to all people. Keywords: Water, Water source, water access and water supply.

DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS OF NEPALESE COMMERCIAL BANK []


This study has examined the determinants of financial distress of Nepalese commercial bank. The descriptive and casual comparative research designs have been adopted for the study. The total population of this study was 26 commercial banks, where 16 commercial banks have taken as a sample through the simple random sampling. To measure the relationship between dependent and independent variable, panel regression model was applied. The regression results revealed that there is significant positive effect of liquidity ratio, reserve ratio, solvency ratio, return on assets, capital adequacy ratio on z-scores, except gross domestic product and Inflation which shows insignificant effect on z-scores. Among all the variables, liquidity and solvency ratio is found to be the most important factor for determining financial distress.

Flexural strength of bamboo woven reinforced polyester composite after impacted []


Bamboo is used as reinforcement in composites because it is strong, light, and biodegradable. Composite design is carried out to obtain a strong composite. The selection of bamboo woven patterns can be used to increase resistance to impact loads so that the flexural strength of the composite is still maintained even though it is deformed due to impact. The results of this research can be a basis for the development of superior composite materials in various applications. In this research, composite specimens were reinforced with 3 bamboo woven patterns: plain, twill, and satin. Low-impact loads are applied to the specimen using a drop weight. After that, the flexural strength of the specimens was tested using a three-point bending test to evaluate the effect of the bamboo woven pattern on the mechanical properties after drop weight loading. The results of this research show that the bamboo woven pattern has a different contribution to reducing the flexural strength of the composite after drop weight loading.