Volume 12, Issue 12, December 2024 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Consumer Willingness to Pay a Premium for Green Packaging []


This study examines consumer willingness to pay a premium for green packaging, addressing a critical aspect of sustainability in consumer markets. With escalating environmental concerns, businesses face pressure to adopt eco-friendly packaging despite the associated cost challenges. Green packaging, which encompasses biodegradable, recyclable, and reusable materials, has emerged as a potential solution to reduce environmental impact. However, its higher cost poses a dilemma for companies balancing profitability with sustainability. Through a survey-based methodology, this research collected data from 137 respondents across diverse demographic groups, analyzing their purchasing behaviors and preferences. Key variables, such as willingness to pay, sales performance, gender, and income level, were evaluated using regression analysis to identify significant trends and predictors. The findings reveal a positive and significant relationship between consumer willingness to pay and the sales of green-packaged products, highlighting the importance of aligning business strategies with consumer values. The study underscores the role of effective marketing, transparent communication, and targeted pricing strategies in fostering consumer adoption of green packaging. It also discusses the barriers businesses face, including production costs and consumer skepticism towards greenwashing, while offering insights into overcoming these challenges. The results contribute valuable knowledge for businesses and policymakers aiming to promote sustainable practices, supporting the broader goals of environmental conservation and corporate responsibility. Keywords: green packaging, consumer behavior, sustainability.

risk assessment of obstacle impact on landing and takeoff surface in domestic and international airports in Nigeria []


Abstract The risk of obstacles to runway safety in air transportation and the rate of hazard /incidences in some domestic and international airports in Nigeria was numerically analyzed using safety infringement obstacles data. This study implements flight path obstacles data hindering landing and takeoff using ArcGIS - 3D transformation model and the volume of aircraft accident from 1993 – 2023, within the selected location was considered using SPSS statistics analysis software. The goal is to have a thorough awareness of the risk environment so that airport operators and aviation authorities can put efficient mitigation plans into action. ICAO published standard that explain the safety hazard regarding the obstacle limitations are not fully implemented. The most critical phases of flight are landing and takeoff. it was discovered a 5 year statistics shows that runway veer-off constitute the majority of runway accidents during landing and takeoff activities about 59 % The findings reveal that those airports having a high risk of runway veer-off occurrences are those that have substantial encroachments of high rise obstacles. Reevaluating the model on a regular basis and making necessary adjustments for fresh database will make the model keeps operating at this high degree of precision and should be reflected in Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). Keywords: obstacles limitation surface, risk. runway veer-off, landing and takeoff runway safety areas, ArcGIS.

Entrepreneurial Spirit and Intent of Bachelor in Secondary Education-TLE majors of Quirino State University []


Pugong, Gina Mae U. (2024). Entrepreneurial Spirit and Intent of BSEd-TLE majors. Quirino State University. Bachelor in Secondary Education Major in Technology and Livelihood Education. This study presents the vital role of education, role models and socialization as the variables in the development of the entrepreneurial spirit and intent of BSEd-TLE majors. The study aims to determine the entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial intent, perceived images of entrepreneurs and awareness on entrepreneurship of BSEd-TLE majors. The study followed the descriptive type of research as it describes the Entrepreneurial Spirit and Intent of BSEd-TLE Majors. The study focused on the determinant of factors that affect their spirit and intent, together with the perceived impact of education, as well as their trainings, in the development of their business culture, other variables describe in the study are the profile of students in terms of their age, gender, ethnic affiliation, and major. The result of the study was analyzed using statistical tools to establish significance on the Entrepreneurial Spirit and Intent of BSEd-TLE Major. Results showed that there was a great entrepreneurial spirit and intent among the respondents as majority of them intends to create their own business. In addition, very good images of entrepreneurs were perceived by the respondents which were good indicators of positive spirit, drive and motivation. Education was seen as an important factor in developing the entrepreneurial spirit and intent in their schema. This study concludes that the respondents are likely to be entrepreneurs in the future.

The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems in Cambodia (2007-2024) []


Coastal ecosystems in Cambodia, including mangroves, coral reefs, and estuaries, play a vital role in supporting biodiversity and providing essential services to local communities. Climate change increasingly threatens these ecosystems and exacerbates environmental challenges such as habitat degradation, pollution, and overfishing. Understanding the specific impacts of climate change on these ecosystems is crucial to developing effective conservation strategies. This study aims to assess the effects of climate change on the health and sustainability of coastal ecosystems in Cambodia from 2007 to 2024. It focuses on three primary objectives: (1) to evaluate changes in biodiversity and habitat integrity, (2) to analyze the socio-economic impacts on local communities reliant on these ecosystems, and (3) to identify potential adaptation and mitigation strategies. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data. Field surveys were conducted to monitor biodiversity changes, while remote sensing techniques assessed habitat loss and degradation. Socio-economic assessments involved interviews and surveys with local communities to understand their reliance on coastal resources and the impacts of climate change on their livelihoods. The findings indicate a significant decline in biodiversity, particularly among key species such as fish and crustaceans, which are critical for local fisheries. Habitat degradation was most pronounced in areas experiencing rising sea levels and increased storm frequency. Local communities reported decreased fish catch and increased vulnerability to natural disasters, highlighting the socio-economic ramifications of environmental changes. The results underscore the urgent need for integrated coastal management strategies that address both ecological and socio-economic dimensions. Effective conservation efforts must involve local communities in decision-making processes to enhance resilience against climate change. Policymakers should prioritize protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems to safeguard biodiversity and support the livelihoods of those who depend on these vital resources. Keywords: Climate change, coastal ecosystems, Cambodia, biodiversity, conservation, socio-economic impact, resilience.

“ Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Agricultural Practices: Investigate how changing weather patterns affect traditional farming methods and food security among Indigenous communities.” []


Climate change poses significant challenges to Indigenous agricultural practices deeply rooted in traditional knowledge and cultural heritage. This investigation explores how changing weather patterns, such as increased temperatures, altered precipitation cycles, and extreme weather events, impact traditional farming methods and food security among Indigenous communities. Indigenous agricultural systems often adapt to specific local environments, relying on a deep understanding of seasonal cycles and ecological relationships. However, climate change disrupts these patterns, leading to unpredictable growing seasons, reduced crop yields, and increased vulnerability to pests and diseases. These changes threaten the sustainability of traditional farming practices and the food security of Indigenous populations. The study highlights the resilience and adaptability of Indigenous communities, employing various strategies to cope with climate impacts. These include diversifying crops, reviving traditional water management techniques, and integrating modern agricultural practices with traditional knowledge. Despite these efforts, the need for supportive policies and collaboration with scientific communities is crucial to enhance the resilience of Indigenous agriculture in the face of climate change. This abstract underscores the importance of preserving Indigenous knowledge systems and promoting sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security and cultural continuity for Indigenous peoples in a changing climate. Keywords: Climate Change, Indigenous Agricultural Practices, Traditional Knowledge, Food Security, Weather Patterns, Crop Yields, Resilience, Adaptation Strategies, Sustainable Agriculture, Cultural Heritage.

EFFECT OF FINANCIAL LITERACY AND MOTIVATION ON SAVING BEHAVIOUR INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT []


Purpose: This study intends to examine the mediating effect of social environment on the relationship between financial literacy and motivation in terms of saving behavior intentions in commercial banks. Method: Data collection thoroughly employed a convenience sampling technique, targeting 384 customers of commercial banks. The study utilized a adopted questionnaire featuring a rigorous seven-point Likert scale. Likewise, a descriptive and causal comparative research design was employed, complemented by a comprehensive array of statistical measures, including Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, Regression, independent T test, One way ANOVA, Mann Whitney U test, and Krushkal-Wallis Test meticulously chosen for robust data analysis. Findings: Beta coefficients indicate that saving behaviour of customers in banking industry is significantly influenced by financial literacy and motivation. Furthermore, it was observed that social environment act as a partial mediating factor on the relationship between financial literacy, motivation and customer’s saving behaviour. Implications: It is suggested that commercial banks should focus on financial literacy and motivation to drive saving behavior, as social environment has insignificant mediating effect. Investment in educational programs and incentive-driven schemes could significantly influence customer savings. Keywords: Financial Literacy, Motivation, Social Environment and Saving Behavior Intentions

Algebraic Modeling for Language Preservation: Transformation Semigroups and Wreath Products in the Context of Kulung Language in Northeastern Nigeria []


Abstract: Language preservation is crucial, especially for minority languages like Kulung, spoken in the northeastern Taraba region of Nigeria. Mathematical models, specifically transformation semigroups and their application through the wreath product system, offer a powerful framework for understanding language transmission dynamics. This paper applies transformation semigroups and the wreath product to model the linguistic transitions across generations in the Kulung-speaking community. The mathematical examples provided analyze language transmission as a dynamic system, with results highlighting the decline in language proficiency and fluency over generations. A literature review on the use of semigroups in linguistics and related applications is presented, followed by detailed mathematical derivations and Python code for simulation.

Post-Migration Muslim Interaction with Different Tribes and Contemporary Significance: An Analytical Study []


After the Hijra, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) organized the Muslims in Madinah according to Islamic teachings. The interaction among Muslims in Medina was based on cooperation, respect, and Islamic principles, establishing peace and order and fulfilling religious and secular needs. Justice, social equality, and respect for rights were fundamental principles here. The Jewish tribes of Medina such as the Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir, and Banu Qurayzah were important in trade, industry, and agriculture. Still, their internal differences led to disharmony and bloodshed within their community. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) emphasized mutual harmony and peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims, establishing the foundation of justice and fairness in Madinah through various treaties. This interaction provides a unique example of the principles of unity, social justice, good governance, community involvement, and interfaith relations for Muslims today.

Navigating Environmental Challenges Legal Strategies for Sustainability in Pakistan []


This research involves the environmental legal framework of Pakistan and its effectiveness and sustainability. Using a series of case studies and analysis of legislation and scholarly literature, the study examines key themes such as strengths and weaknesses of the legal framework, its application, and obstacles to its implementation. The findings reveal serious weaknesses in the enforcement mechanisms, institutional capacities and legal provisions which make it difficult to fully deal with environmental issues satisfactorily. Notwithstanding impressive laws and regulatory bodies, there are gaping holes which remain unbridged, thus contributing to ongoing environmental degradation. The research lends further urgency to comprehensive legal reforms to address these challenges and strengthen enforcement, increase transparency, and build an environment of environmental stewardship. This research bridges the gap between theory and practice to yield important insights into the challenges of environmental governance in Pakistan and sets a basis for future research and policy responses for enhancing sustainability and conducting environmental interventions in Pakistan.

EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND SYNTHETIC FERTILIZERS COMBINATIONS ON WHEAT CROP PRODUCTIVITY []


Abstract Wheat is major staple food as its cultivation comprises of major portion of crops sown in Punjab, Pakistan. Day by day increasing population is exerting pressure on resources of soil for more food in the form of intensified agriculture. As the population expansion is more rapid, so there is dire need for the development of high yielding varieties of crops and sustainability in agriculture production system. But without improving existing less yielding agriculture production system it is impossible to get maximum benefits from high yielding varieties. In the same way, solely rely upon the application of chemical fertilizers for growing crops is not a wise option rather the integrated application of farm yard manure, green manuring and chemical fertilizers is obligatory to exploit the full potential of high yielding varieties of crops. The present study was performed at Adaptive Research Farm Gujranwala in Rabi seasons of three consecutive years i.e. 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the effect of organic and synthetic fertilizers combinations on wheat crop productivity. The treatments used were: T1 (NPK @ 134,84 and 62 kg/ha), T2 (Sesbania green manuring), T3 (Farm yard manure @ 10 t. ha-1), T4 (Farm yard manure @ 10 t. ha-1 + full dose of NPK), T5 (Farm yard manure @ 10 t. ha-1 + ½ NPK), T6 (Sesbania green manuring + full dose of NPK), T7 (Sesbania green manuring + ½ NPK) and T8 (Sesbania green manuring + ½ Farm yard manure + ½ NPK). As per the interpretation of results, the effect of organic and synthetic fertilizers combinations on the yield and yield related traits of wheat crop was significant. The application of half dose of chemical fertilizers + sesbania green manuring + ½ farm yard manure exhibited 25-31 % higher yield of wheat crop and more net returns (Rs./ha) during the years 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24. While, the maximum benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed in T2 (Sesbania green manuring) with less yield during thrice years. In conclusion, the farmers with goal of high yield may apply half dose of chemical fertilizers + sesbania green manuring + ½ farm yard manure with limitations of high cost of production and less BCR for initial years but later it may shifts towards sustainability, however the farmers with less resources may rely solely on green manuring practice for obtaining wheat yield. Furthermore, as our main focus is to improve wheat yield to meet the rapidly increasing demand of population so premium may be given to the farmers getting high yield.

PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON AGTA TABANGNON []


The research offers a thorough exploration of the preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of the Agta-Tabangnon community, highlighting the multifaceted efforts necessary to sustain their identity amidst modernization. Central to the discussion is the safeguarding of unique traditions, practices, and values that define the Agta-Tabangnon. Government interventions play a critical role in this endeavor, providing financial aid, housing programs, scholarships, and employment opportunities. These initiatives have demonstrated a positive impact, as recognized by community members, and underline the need for proactive strategies to mitigate the effects of external influences and modernization. Legal frameworks also emerge as indispensable tools in fortifying cultural preservation efforts, with the community emphasizing the importance of sustained support across generations. In addition to government efforts, the study underscores the significance of community involvement and collective care, advocating for a broader network of support to complement formal interventions. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study examines key questions on the distinct cultural heritage of the Agta-Tabangnon, the challenges to its preservation, coping strategies amid modernization, and potential interventions for long-term sustainability. The findings reveal the community’s resilience and adaptability, as well as their proactive approaches, such as intergenerational knowledge transfer, formal education, and partnerships with NGOs. These strategies reflect the community's determination to maintain their cultural identity despite the pressures of modernization. The research highlights the intricate interplay of government roles, legal protections, cultural resilience, and community dynamics in preserving the Agta-Tabangnon’s rich cultural legacy. By weaving together these elements, the study provides valuable insights into sustaining indigenous traditions and fostering a sense of unity and pride within the community. It serves as a testament to the importance of collaborative and strategic efforts in ensuring the cultural vitality of the Agta-Tabangnon for future generations. Keywords: Agta-Tabangnon community, Cultural heritage preservation, Cultural identity, Cultural promotion strategies, Cultural resilience, Indigenous practices, Indigenous traditions, Intergenerational knowledge transfer, Modernization impact, Traditional knowledge

Short Correspondence []


While geographically distant, the Syrian Conflict and the war in Ukraine share multiple geopolitical threads linked to Russia’s broader foreign policy ambitions. This article examines the potential downfall of the Assad regime in Syria and explores how such development could reshape Moscow’s strategic posture in Ukraine. Drawing on scholarly literature, policy reports, and media analyses, the study investigates the durabil-ity of the Syrian regime, Russia’s vested interests in Syria, and how these factors intersect with the Kremlin’s capabilities in the Ukrainian thea-tre. The conclusion highlights prospective shifts in Russia’s resource allocation, diplomatic credibility and military tactics, illustrating how events in Damascus may reverberate in Kyiv.