Volume 10, Issue 8, August 2022 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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IMPACT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF BORON AND COPPER SULPHATE ON THE YIELD OF BASMATI RICE []


Micronutrients played a significant role in the defense mechanism in plant cell. Micronutrients are essential for the growth and yield of the agricultural crops. These develop resistance against pathogens and pests that may enhance the yield through quality grains. In the present study we evaluate the effect of boron and copper sulphate applied in different doses i.e. T-2 (Boron @ 1000gha-1); T-3 (Boron @ 2000 gha-1); T-4 (Copper Sul-phate @ 2000gha-1); T-5 (Copper Sulphate @ 4000gha-1) compared with T-1 (Control) treatment during kharif 2015-2016. Non-significant (P>0.05) difference found in productive tillers (Pt) found by the application of boron and copper nutrients, however 21.44% to 22.36% Pt increased compared to control at tehsil Daska. When boron was applied @ 2000 gha-1 may increase 10.70% and 25.93% in grain weight (g) and yield. The trial was conducted in Gujrat showed significant (P<0.05) Pt by the application of boron and copper nutrients; however 23.31% to 22.76% Pt increased. The treatment T-3 found highly significant (P<0.05) increase in grain weight (g) 10.51%. Significant (P<0.05) productive tillers in T-3 (27.92%) recorded followed by 1000 grain weight (25.43%) and yield (28.13%) at Sambrial. Significantly (P<0.05) positive impact of productive tillers in T-3 (10.39%) found similar results and significant trend (14.77%) found in 1000 grain weight resulting highly significant yield (12.86%) recorded at Kharian. Significantly (P<0.05) positive impact of productive tillers was found in T-3 (9.43%) compared to all treatments. Thousand grain weight (g) found non-significant (P>0.05) grains in T-3 (14.18%) and T-5 (14.29%) but recorded significant (P<0.05) results with other treatment recorded at par trend in yield (11.16% and 9.77%) at Jalal Pur Jattan.

DETERMINANTS OF PASTORAL HOUSEHOLDS’ CAMEL MILK MARKET SUPPLY IN ARARSO DISTRICT, SOMALI REGIONAL STATE []


The study was carried out in Ararso woreda, Jarar zone of Somali Regional State with the objectives of identifying the factors determining the volume of camel milk market supply, effect of marketing support or institutional factors on volume of supply in the camel milk market and assessing the constraints and opportunities in the camel milk marketing of pastoral households. Multiple stage sampling technique was applied to select the sample. In order to achieve these objectives, cross-sectional data on socio-economic factors, market and institutional factors aspects were collected from 150 sample households heads drawn from four purposively selected kebeles through structured interview schedule and focus group discussion during October and November 2021. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the purpose of this study. The data were entered, manipulated, organized and analyzed using SPSS version 20 and Excel. Both descriptive and econometric statistics were used to identify and determine the household’s camel milk market supply. According to the study findings some of the explanatory variables including Household Family size, Age of the household head, number of lactating camels owned by HH, Price of camel milk in wet season and Access to credit services are linearly associated with the volume of camel milk supply to market of pastoral households and statistically affect the household milk supply with a 0.05level of significance. Based on the present finding camel is source of income and food. In the study area camel milk marketing for pastoral households plays a great contribution to their life as food and income generating activity. The major constraints of camel milk marketing in the study area were: most pastoralist households travel long distance to sell their milk in the market, lack of transportation facility, shortage of milk packaging materials, lack of demand and lack of market or collection center. On the other hand, during the focus group discussion the participants stated that, there are other problems which were encountered during engaging in milk marketing like: lack of access to market, price fluctuation, and poor access of transportation, infrastructures, and milk handling materials and buyers related problem. Key words: Camel milk, constraints, camel milk market supply, Pastoral Households, opportunities.

A REVIEW: ALGINATE BASED EDIBLE FILM (MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES) []


Alginate is a polysaccharide hydrocolloid that has the potential to make edible films, because of its rigid, edible and renewable nature. Alginate is a product produced from the extraction process of brown seaweed. The use of alginate at this time is still limited as a raw mate-rial for jelly or gelatin. Alginate constituents in the form of hydrocolloids have the potential to be used as biodegradable food packaging materials. Making edible film from alginate is one of the efforts to increase the utilization of seaweed. One of the components added in the manufacture of edible films is a plasticizer. The addition of plasticizers to edible films is important to overcome the brittle nature of the film. This article aims to explain the use of alginate into edible films, how to process them, and the characteristics of edible films. The characteristics of edible films can be seen from the thickness, tensile strength, percent elongation, and transparency. Based on several studies, the amount and type of plasticizer used in the manufacture of edible films affects the quality of the edible film product

Biosafety awareness among laboratory workers []


ABSTRACT Background: Biosafety is the application of knowledge, technology, and instrument to avoid individual and external environment contact with potentially infectious toxins or biohazards. Having good knowledge, attitudes, and practices in relation to biosafety for those who work in hazardous conditions is very important for the safety of those persons. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of Biosafety among laboratory workers. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 121 Health Care Assistance (HCA) working at Medical Research Institute Colombo (MRI), Sri Lanka. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the current level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of HCAs. An observation checklist was used to assess the available facilities in relation to biosafety in eight main laboratories at MRI. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Result: The response rate was 79.8%. The overall knowledge of the respondents on biosafety was good (74.7%). and 56.6% had overall good attitudes towards biosafety. Only 45.8% of HCAs were regularly using standard PPE in the laboratory. None of the laboratories at MRI had an eyewash station. Only 37.5% of the laboratories had spill kits and written procedure for using spill kits was available in 50% of the laboratories. Conclusion: The majority of HCAs had good knowledge of Biosafety. Their attitude towards practicing it was poor. Proper training programs on biosafety should be conducted to enhance the knowledge and attitudes towards biosafety which facilitate better biosafety practices.

ASSESSMENT OF PATTERN OF OIL PIPELINE VANDALSIM IN EGBEMA OIL PRODUCING DISTRICT OF IMO STATE, NIGERIA []


The study was carried out to assess the pattern of oil pipeline vandalism in Egbema oil producing district in Imo state of Nigeria. The study made use of the stratified random sampling technique, the simple random sampling was used in selecting the sample for the study. Using the technique, three stratums that make up the oil producing district was identified. From among the stratums, one oil producing community was selected using the simple random sampling statistical method, making a total of three communities. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. A total of 300 respondents were used for the study, this was achieved by using the Taro Yamane formula for sample size determination, hence 300 copies of questionnaire which is the major source of data collection were administered to the respondents using the proportionate sampling technique. The study identified and classified the pattern of oil pipeline vandalism in Egbema oil district into five components, viz: Nature of pipeline vandalism, Stealling methods, Marketing methods, tools used, and collaborators in oil pipeline vandalism. The study recommends the use of disaster management collaborative approach to oil pipeline security and management to checkmate the patterns of oil pipeline vandalism.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING []


This article discusses cultural icebergs, intercultural communication ability, and how to teach English to students with these skills. It is well-known that students' ability to communicate across cultures is just as crucial as their language proficiency when learning a foreign language. In order to effectively communicate across cultural divides, it is critical to employ culturally appropriate communication techniques (e.g., greetings, politeness, body language, stereotypes, and the role of society in multiculturalism) when learning and teaching a language. These techniques are also known as intercultural communication, international cultural competence, and cultural differences. The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between linguistic competence and intercultural communication competence, as well as the roles of English language teaching in developing students' intercultural communication competence. The paper focuses specifically on the connection between linguistic and intercultural communication competency. In conclusion, it investigates how to build the intercultural communication ability of English language learners within the context of English language teaching and offers some helpful ideas, with the goal of actually achieving the ultimate goal of English language teaching. Without an adequate command of the global language of international communication, which is currently English, it is impossible for a state or an individual to successfully function in the context of updated intercultural communication. This is true even if the state or individual is attempting to communicate with people from other cultures. The expansion of prospective interpreters' intercultural skills in the context of business communication is being pursued with the intention of contributing to the ongoing development of educational programs already in place at educational institutions at a higher level. This study is significant because there is a rising need in today's modern corporate environment for translators who are not only highly qualified but also have skills in cross-cultural communication. The primary objective of this research aims to conceptualize and actually apply intercultural communicative competence in the context of English language instruction.

Genotype x Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) Varieties under irrigation for Mid to Highland Ecological Zones of Oromia []


A multi-location trial was carried out across mid to high moisture areas of Oromia Region during off season 2021 under irrigation to estimate the magnitude of genotype x environment interaction and to select high yielding and adaptable genotype/s across the tested environments under irrigation. The varieties consisted of 12 bread wheat varieties arranged in randomized complete block design with two replications. The varieties were tested in seven environments. The combined analysis of variance showed significant differences (P<0.01) among varieties for grain yield. Harato was the highest yielding (4.95 t ha-1) while Arjo was the lowest yielding (1.96 t ha-1) environment. The mean grain yield of the varieties across seven environments was 3.56 t ha-1 with the range of 3.16 t ha-1 for Sofumer to 4.38 t ha-1 for Hibist. GGE biplot analysis explained 69.09% of G+GEI and divided the seven environments into two major groups: Group 1 includes three environments Adami Tulu, Shambu and Gechi and Group 2 includes four environments Arjo, Dodola, Lume and Harato .Environments within the same group were more correlated and provided redundant information about the varieties. Variety Hibist and Wane were identified as the most stable and high yielding varieties, however Deka and Ogolcho were identified as the least stable and low yielding varieties across seven environments. The environment Harato was the ideal environment to select widely adapted bread wheat varieties, whereas, Adami Tulu and Dodola were far from the ideal environment and considered as unstable. Generally the ideal varieties were Hibist and Wane for irrigated wheat production throughout Oromia under irrigation during off season and the ideal environment was Harato for selecting widely adaptable bread wheat Genotypes under irrigation during off season.

Exploring the Skills of an Effective Communication of a Leader in the Cross-culture Settings []


The paper aimed to explore communication skills in cross-cultural settings. Effective communication is vital in any organization, especially in cross-culture settings. Communication deals with giving and exchanging information by talking, reading, listening, and even writing. Communication is essential in every culture, organization, and company; yet, if it is not done correctly, it might cause problems within cross-cultural settings or in diverse workplaces. Effective communication in cross-cultural settings attracts followers and teams to work effectively without conflict and misunderstanding within any culture and entity—the author review related literature on communication skills, theories, and models. The literature revealed that effective communication has a significant effect on cross-cultural leaders. The paper discusses general communication skills, models, and communication theories in cross-culture settings, leadership, and practical communication skills. The article is grounded on the foundation that local and cross-cultural leaders can experience success whenever effective communication skills are employed.

PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS []


In the Senior High School, HUMSS Department of Mimbunga National High School for the first semester of the school year 2021, the current study aimed to determine the extent of parental involvement in students' academic progress. The researcher used the descriptive-correlational study approach to explain the relationship between parental participation and students' academic success. the researcher employed the descriptive-correlational study approach. The Mean, Standard Deviation, Frequency Distribution, Percentage, and Pearson Correlation Test were among the appropriate statistical methods utilized to evaluate and interpret the data. The research showed that parents' participation At Home and In School is classified as "Less Involved," and students' academic performance was rated as "Mostly Fairly Satisfactory." HUMMS students and the extent of parental participation. hence, parental participation. Therefore, it is advised that parents assist their children's education by continuously taking part in all school events. They must also keep an eye on their kids' development and academic success while supervising and guiding them while they complete their assignments.

THE COMPACT DESIGN AS A WAY TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SMALL HOUSING UNITS. CASE STUDY: IRAQ []


Abstract The current study provides a novel approach to analyzing the effect of compact design on housing unit space and functional utilization of space. The current design trend relates to the effective utilization of space by increasing the efficiency of multifunctional furniture. The study takes two steps to increase the efficiency of using small spaces. First: The small units will develop into residential units with open spaces.That does not depend on their design on separating walls and the separation of spaces. Second: The study will present a solution to increase space use efficiency by presenting a compact design. It integrates all vital functions into a multifunctional product that meets all residential unit needs. In order to compare a small dwelling unit with a conventional design to the suggested conceptual design and to further the study's goals of measuring performance efficiency of usage, a 3D design will be given as an alternative product. Created by the author Keywords:Compact Design, Small Housing Units, Open Spaces, Iraq.

ANALYSIS OF THE WELFARE LEVEL OF FISHERMEN'S HOUSEHOLDS IN JATILUHUR RESERVOIR, SUKASARI DISTRICT, PURWAKARTA REGENCY []


This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined in the style. This study aims to analyze the level of household welfare and the factors that affect the welfare of fishermen's households in Jati- luhur Reservoir, Sukasari District, Purwakarta Regency. The research was conducted in February – August 2022 in Sukasari District. This study used a survey method with a total of 41 respondents who were determined by using the Slovin formula and by the respondents based on the purposive sampling method. The analysis of the level of welfare is guided by the criteria set by the Central Statistics Agency in 2015, which includes 10 indicators (household income, household consumption or expenditure, living conditions, housing facilities, health of household members, ease of use of health personnel facilities, quality of education). household members, ease of entering children into educational levels, a sense of security from the interference of crime, ease of accessing information and communication technology) and for the variables used to determine the factors that influence there are 5 variables including age, formal education, number of dependents, experience of fishermen and household income which is followed by the regression model. This study found that fisherman households in Sukasari District got a welfare level of 2.17 (medium welfare) and the factors that influenced the welfare level of fishermen's households in the regression model obtained were Household Welfare Level = 2.343 - 0.003 Age + 0.005 Formal Education – 0.038 Family Dependents + 0.000 Fisherman Experience + 5.848E-8 household income. Based on the partial coefficient test (t-test), only age and household income have a significant effect, but simultaneously these 5 variables affect the level of welfare significantly. The coefficient of determination ob- tained is 43.7%, which means that 56.3% is influenced by other factors.

Title: Assessment of iodine status among school children and pregnant women in Kuwait []


Objectives: Iodine deficiency disorders continue to be an important public health concern in many countries and are the main cause of irreversible mental restriction. Assessing iodine status in populations is crucial to monitor, control and set the appropriate intervention strategies in situations of deficiency. No data are available on the iodine status in Kuwait. The aim of this study was to determine the iodine status among primary school children and pregnant women and the iodine content of salt used for food preparation at the household level. Study design: The study was carried out using non-interventional and cross-sectional methods. Methods: Urine samples were collected from the total sample of 2600 people recruited into the study. These included 2100 schoolchildren aged 6–12 years and 510 healthy pregnant women aged 21 years and above. Urinary iodine concentrations were analyzed to estimate the median concentrations according to the criteria set by World Health Organization/Iodine Global Network (WHO/IGN) 2007 guidelines. A further 400 urine samples were collected from a subsample of schoolchildren for validation purposes. The schoolchildren were also requested to provide 20 g of the salt used at home for analysis. Results: Median urinary iodine concentration for school-age children (n = 1895) and pregnant women (n = 422) were 130.2 µg/l and 173.5 µg/l, respectively. These values fall within the normal range according to IGN/WHO. The median concentration of iodine in household salt was adequate at 35.7 ppm, based on the Gulf Standards Organization and IGN recommendations for the concentrations of iodine in salt. Discussion: According to WHO, UNICEF and IGN classifications, the urinary iodine concentrations in 33.5% of schoolchildren and 46% of pregnant women are in the ‘insufficient’ category and 10% of schoolchildren and 8.5% of pregnant women are in the ‘excessive’ category. Further studies are recommended to identify urgently the reasons for the excess and deficiency in both groups and to put in place appropriate action plans for prevention and control. Keywords: iodine, thyroid hormone, iodine deficiency, urinary iodine, salt iodization, median urinary iodine excretion (MUIE)

A Psychological Analysis Of The Challenges Being Faced By Mothers Taking Care of Children On The Autism Spectrum []


The research paper provides a narrative that explores and explains the difficulties faced by mothers of autistic children. According to the study, mothers of autistic children face a wide range of difficulties. These difficulties include actions like head banging, self-harm, academic difficulties, and other opportunistic issues. The study suggested that professionals interact more with the affected families during the condition's diagnosing phase. It is important to establish and equip special schools to care for autistic children. Finally, instructors should be educated about the disease.

Biosafety awareness among laboratory workers []


ABSTRACT Background: Biosafety is the application of knowledge, technology, and instrument to avoid individual and external environment contact with potentially infectious toxins or biohazards. Having good knowledge, attitudes, and practices in relation to biosafety for those who work in hazardous conditions is very important for the safety of those persons. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of Biosafety among laboratory workers. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 121 Health Care Assistance (HCA) working at Medical Research Institute Colombo (MRI), Sri Lanka. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the current level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of HCAs. An observation checklist was used to assess the available facilities in relation to biosafety in eight main laboratories at MRI. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Result: The response rate was 79.8%. The overall knowledge of the respondents on biosafety was good (74.7%). and 56.6% had overall good attitudes towards biosafety. Only 45.8% of HCAs were regularly using standard PPE in the laboratory. None of the laboratories at MRI had an eyewash station. Only 37.5% of the laboratories had spill kits and written procedure for using spill kits was available in 50% of the laboratories. Conclusion: The majority of HCAs had good knowledge of Biosafety. Their attitude towards practicing it was poor. Proper training programs on biosafety should be conducted to enhance the knowledge and attitudes towards biosafety which facilitate better biosafety practices.

THE EFFECT OF WORK DISCIPLINE AND WORK ETHOS ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE AND THE ROLE OF MOTIVATION AS A MEDIATION VARIABLE AT THE PLANTATION AND HORTICULTURE OFFICE IN SOUTHEAST SULAWESI PROVINCE []


This study aims to determine and analyze (1) the effect of work discipline on motivation, (2). the effect of work ethic on motivation, (3) the effect of work discipline on employee performance, (4) the effect of work ethic on performance, (5) the effect of motivation on performance, (6) the role of motivation in mediating the effect of work discipline on performance and (7) the role of motivation in mediating the effect of work ethic on employee performance. The number of respondents was as 114 people while the analysis tool used is Partial Least Square (PLS) while the software uses Smart PLS. The results showed that: (1). Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee motivation, (2). Work ethic has a positive and significant effect on employee motivation, (3). Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (4). Work ethic has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. (5). motivation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. (6). Motivation mediates the effect of work discipline on employee performance and (7). Motivation mediates the effect of work ethic on employee performance.

THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL COHESION ON KNOWLEDGE-SHARING IN SCIENCE CITIES:AN EMPERICAL STUDY IN CYBERJAYA, MALAYSIA []


Science cities center on achieving knowledge-based development through effective knowledge-sharing, but literature consistently relates human social cohesion with sharing and knowledge-management. This study fills this gap in the literature. It explores whether group social cohesion develops knowledge-sharing in Cyberjaya (Science City) Malaysia. Questionnaires were administered to residents in the study area concerning the potential of social cohesion to engender knowledge-sharing. A research model was validated using structural equation modeling (SEM). Our findings shown that human social cohesion influences knowledge-sharing, exhibiting higher influence on human attitudes toward sharing among knowledge-sharing factors.

Study o f Some Heavy Metals Analysis in Almond plant (Prunus dulcis ) bark and leaves []


The study of some heavy metals in almond (bark and leaves) were studied using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . the metals analyzed and the results obtained include the following; bark, (Pb) = 0.42mg/kg, Hg=0.001mg/kg, (Fe) = 283mg/kg, Ar.= 0.13mg/kg and Zn= 0.033mg/kg, while for leaves Pb =0.47mg/kg, Fe=287mg/kg ,Ar=0.214mg/kg, Zn=0.035mg/kg, Hg= 0.014mg/kg. The result reveals that the concentration of lead (Pb) in both almond bark and leaves are higher when compared to World Health Organization (WHO) standard which is 0.30mg/kg while that of iron for bark and leaves values are within the permissible limits of World Health Organization (WHO). However, increase in the concentration of lead in both bark and leaves can be as a result of processing and other industrial activities associated in the production of almond in a powdery form, the nature of the soil and its processes of cultivation due to the mineral soil content can also be attributed to the concentrations of these mineral elements. The health implications for the consumption of almond may not be hazardous due to the minimal concentrations of most of the mineral elements which are within the permissible limits. However, other heavy metals can be analyzed to assess its potency, relevance and other uses for both domestic and industrial purposes. Keyword. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, mercury, iron, almond etc

Metrics of TOUGMA []


In this paper, we present a TOUGMA’s Field Equation solutions for a no electrical charge and non-rotating body in vacuum; and study theirs physical phenomena.

Deriving the physical phenomena of TOUGMA’s solution []


In this paper, we derive the physical phenomena that implies the second TOUGMA’s metric.Due to astrophysical applications, the interest of studing the TOUGMA metric right now is to implement using a metric concrete the new physical concepts that implies this metric

IMPACT OF PARTHENIUM WEED (PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L.) ON THE ABOVE-GROUND VEGETATION COMMUNITIES OF CULTIVATED AND GRAZING LANDS IN WOLIATA ZONE, ETHIOPIA []


Parthenium hysterophorus invasion is observed in areas of Woliata Zone. However, its impact has not been determined. Therefore, the objective of the study was to examine the impact of P. hysterophorus on species richness and evenness in study area. Stratified random sampling was applied with five categories; None invaded site, Very low invaded site, low invaded site, Moderately Invaded Site and High Invaded Site. After selecting site, 120 quadrants of 5m x 5m were laid. Then, the plant species found in each quadrat were estimated, counted, recorded and identified. The diversity index, evenness, and species richness to determine impact on species diversity were calculated from the data. A total of 55 plant species belong to 44 genera and in 17 families were identified. The number of species, diversity index and evenness reduced by 23.91%, 38.20%, and 31.81%, respectively in P. hysterophorus HIS of as compared to NIS. Such a reduction might be due to allelochemicals of the P. hysterophorus and altered soil environment. The regression analysis showed that there is a strong negative linear relationship between the cover abundance and species richness, diversity and evenness index per study site. P. hysterophorus was found to a threat to the biodiversity. Thus, there is urgent need for well organized, coordinated and concerned efforts must be made to control. Further long-term study is needed to verify the impact of P. hysterophorus invasion.

Modeling and Simulation of a Refuse Derived Fuel incineration process with flue-gas cleaning and heat recovery sections using ANSYS Fluent []


The modeling study involved the use of chemical and elemental compositions of the selected solid fuels in order to check their influence on the combustion process and to validate the experimental data. The geometry of the incinerator used has a maximum dimension of 350mm X 660mm X 914mm. The geometry was meshed and values of meshes were determined using ANSYS fluent software. The meshing geometry was converted to 8,433 cells which form Tetrahedral. The converted 8,433 cells were assigned a solver and boundary conditions. The steam outflow (temperature and pressure) were assigned as outlet and the perforated air inlet holes (at atmospheric temperature and pressure) were assigned as air-inlet. The combustion chamber is cylindrical in shape, incorporated with 6.35mm copper tube with 10 numbers coil. The perforated hole for supplying air to the combustion chamber is located under the grate to supply air for the chamber. The air inlet velocity was 4m/s throughout the simulation because the air flow is operating under natural conditions and the velocity at the exit of the incinerator is ranging between 0 – 297.423 m/s. The major composition of the flue gases were CO, CO2, NOx and SOx in the amount of waste into the simulation process varied within a range to recreate the same operating conditions as in the experimental tests. The differences in flue gases may be attributed to the surface reactions caused by collision, coalescence and fragmentation between the dispersed phases. Thus, the pilot data showed a good match (similar pattern) with the ranges of variation between 9 – 13% with that of the theoretical simulation data which cut across the samples. These variations showed that the model can be acceptable under these conditions and the model created is valid under the same conditions. Keywords: ANSYS Fluent Software, Finite-element, Meshing, Geometry, Boundary Conditions

Impact of Climate Change and Variability on Maize (Zea Mays L) Production and Factor Affecting Farmers Adaptation Strategies in Hawassa Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia []


ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the challenges facing the world which is increasingly affecting peoples’ food security and livelihood especially in developing countries. The impacts are more pronounced on crop production. In this regard the current aimed at investigating long term climatic trends evaluating the impacts specifically on Maize production and assessing adaptation strategies of the farming community in Hawassa zuria district, Sidama Regional State of Ethiopia. The study used multi stage random sampling procedure in which 331 sample households were considered to collect primary data through interview. Secondary data were also collected from National Meteorology Agency and district agricultural office. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Mann-Kendall trend test, Adaptation Strategy Index, Regression and MNL model. According to the survey results about 81% of the respondents stated that, the amount of rainfall in the study area is decreasing, despite long-term data records show that, it is increasing by 2.22 mm annually over the past 33 years. The mean annual rainfall was also found to be less variable with CV value of 14%, which was also confirmed by 85% of the interviewed respondent farmers. The sample households were also perceived that the temperature is increasing through time, which was in line with the long-term data records of NMA indicating mean annual increase in the annual minimum and maximum temperature by 0.062oC and 0.028oC respectively. The data from NMA also showed that, the rainfall of the spring (Belg) season was positive and significantly correlated with Maize production, while the correlation with long-term maximum temperature was negative. The study also identified that, the main adaptation measures being practiced by the farmers include using; improved crop varieties, crop-livestock mixed system, micro irrigation, soil and water conservation, adjusting planting date and income diversification activities. The marginal effects of MNL model results also indicated that, the adaptation strategies used by farmers were significantly (p< 0.05) influenced by; age of household head, family size, farm land size, and monthly income and livestock ownership. Therefore, to increase and sustain farmers Maize productivity under changing climatic conditions; improving the Maize production through: developing drought resistant Maize varieties, improving farmers’ perception of climate information, and promoting farm-level adaptation measures such as the use of new agricultural technologies and adjusting planting date must be strengthened in the study area. Key words: Adaptation strategies, Climate change, Climate variability, MNL and Maize.

Article : Analyse des parcs agroforestiers du pays dogon au Mali []


Les changements climatiques ont eu des effets néfastes sur les parcs agroforestiers du pays dogon notamment les ligneux dont le rôle est capital dans la protection et la conservation des sols pour une agriculture durable. La méthodologie de ce travail a porté sur l’inventaire dendrométrique des ligneux dans les pacs agroforestiers. Les communes ont été divisées en strates ou unités d’occupation qui représentent des unités de mesure relativement homogènes. Ainsi pour l’inventaire des ligneux, quatre (04) parcelles de 1000 m2 soit 50 m de longueur et 20 m de largeur chacune ont été échantillonnées par tirage au hasard à l’intérieur de chaque unité d’occupation. Les ligneux inventoriés dans chaque parcelle ont concerné les arbres et arbustes de hauteur supérieure à 50 cm et les Régénérations naturelles (rejets et jeunes pousses) de hauteur inférieure et égale à 1 m. Au total trois types de parcs agroforestiers ont été identifiés suivant les unités d’occupation des sols. Il s’agit des parcs sablo-limoneux, des parcs rocheux et des parcs inondables. Les parcs agroforestiers occupent 89% de la superficie totale des trois communes. Ce qui dénote la forte vocation agricole du pays dogon basée principalement sur les cultures sèches. Quant aux formations naturelles, elles occupent seulement 11% du territoire dont 8% de savanes arbustives et 3% de plans d’eau. Chaque année, ces savanes sont converties en champs de culture ou parc agroforestier. Dans les parcs agroforestiers de la zone d’étude, la richesse floristique est de 35 espèces dont les plus fréquentes par ordre décroissant sont respectivement : Combretum micranthum (14%), Balanites aegyptiaca (13%), Acacia raddiana (13%), Piliostigma reticulata (9%), Combretum glutinosum (7%), Lannea microcarpa (5%), Guiera Senegalensis (5%), Acacia albida (4%) et Anogeissus leiocarpus (4%), Adansonia digitata (3%), Borassus aethiopium (3%) et Boscia senegelensis (3%). Quant à la densité moyenne des ligneux agroforestiers, elle est de 131 pieds/ha pour les régénérations naturelles et 60 pieds pour les arbres et arbustes. L’indice de régénération (IR) des parcs agroforestiers du pays dogon est de 2,1(IR>1). Cette situation dénote que les parcs agroforestiers du pays dogon sont en pleine expansion et la relève des ligneux agroforestiers peut-être assurée si des actions de conduite des régénérations naturelles assistées sont mises en œuvre. Les parcs agroforestiers du pays dogon séquestrent une importante quantité de carbone et contribuent à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ainsi la quantité totale de carbone séquestré par type de parc agroforestier varie de 17, t C/ha à 51, 95 t C / ha avec une valeur moyenne de 35 t C/ha par parc agroforestier.