Volume 11, Issue 6, June 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Assessing the Feasibility of Implementing Communicative Language Teaching in Libyan Secondary Schools []


Abstract This study delves into the potential implementation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Libyan secondary schools, with a focus on enhancing students' communicative competence through meaningful and authentic communication in the target language. To establish a strong foundation for the research, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, incorporating diverse sources, including studies by Al-Mutawa and Al-Nouh . The literature review examined the theoretical frameworks proposed by Breen and Candlin, Canale and Swain, Borg, and Choi, providing a theoretical framework to guide the analysis. Qualitative research methods were employed to gather data from Libyan secondary school teachers and students, offering valuable insights into their perceptions and experiences related to CLT implementation. The data collection process involved interviews and observations, allowing for a multi-dimensional exploration of the topic. The interviews were designed to elicit detailed responses, enabling participants to express their thoughts, concerns, and suggestions regarding the feasibility and challenges associated with adopting CLT in Libyan secondary schools. Simultaneously, classroom observations provided a first-hand understanding of current teaching practices, particularly in relation to language instruction, including the extent to which communicative and student-centered approaches were already being employed. The data collected through interviews and observations were transcribed, organized, and subjected to thematic analysis, guided by established qualitative research methods. This analysis involved identifying recurring themes, patterns, and categories within the data, uncovering the challenges, benefits, and potential strategies for implementing CLT in Libyan secondary schools as expressed by the participants. The findings of the study reveal that while CLT holds promise for enhancing language instruction in Libyan secondary schools, several challenges must be addressed for successful implementation. These challenges include perceived difficulties faced by teachers, such as limited training opportunities and concerns about curriculum adaptation. Student motivation levels were also identified as a significant factor, as students' attitudes and engagement play a crucial role in the effectiveness of CLT. Cultural considerations, including the need to balance local cultural norms with communicative language learning goals, emerged as another important aspect influencing CLT implementation. Additionally, the study identified the need for institutional support, including policy changes, resource allocation, and professional development opportunities for teachers. By shedding light on these challenges and providing a nuanced understanding of the feasibility of CLT implementation in Libyan secondary schools, this study contributes to the discourse on language teaching methodologies. The research findings hold implications for curriculum development and teacher training programs, offering insights into areas that need attention and improvement. Moreover, the study serves as a catalyst for further exploration and discussion in the field of language education, inspiring future research endeavors aimed at enhancing language teaching practices in Libya and beyond.

The Hygiene and Microbial Quality of Pap Sold in Madalla Market, Federal Capital Territory []


Abstract Pap is a product of fermented cereal such as maize (Zea mays) that is widely consumed in Nigeria because it is an easily digestible weaning food with many valuable nutrients brought into it as microbial metabolic products during fermentation process. Despite the numerous benefits of this important weaning food, it could become a vehicle for the transmission of many important human disease-causing microorganisms because of the production steps involve the use of wild and spontaneous process. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the diversity and quality of the microbiological contamination of pap sold in Mandalla Market, FCT, Abuja. This was done by randomly collecting 40 samples of pap, wrapped in polythene and transported to the laboratory for analyses using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. One gram of each sample was homogenized in 9ml of sterile peptone water and the serial dilutions were made up to 106. Appropriate dilutions 102, 104 and 106 were plated on Nutrient agar, PDA and other selective media. The inoculated media plates were incubated at 370C overnight for bacteria and at 280C for 48 hours for fungal growth and development. After the incubation period, discrete colonies that developed were carefully picked, purified by re-culturing on new sterile media and finally stored at 40C till further needed for other characterization. The results revealed the presence of the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, sp., Streptococcus sp. The fungi isolated were Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillum sp., Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. The high occurrence of the microorganisms encountered could be due to poor production hygiene of the handlers and the process. The health of the population at risk is high due to the number that is likely to be consuming this important product. Therefore, good manufacturing practice and basic knowledge of hygiene should be disseminated among the handlers and the consumers. Keywords: Health, Population, Fungi, contamination, quality and Ogi

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PRACTICES OF SMALL ENTERPRISES IN GENERAL TINIO, PHILIPPINES: A FOUNDATION FOR LOCAL CSR POLICIES []


This research focuses on exploring the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of small enterprises in General Tinio, Philippines, and their role in establishing local CSR policies. The study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of CSR practices in the context of workplace, environmental policies, market policies, community policies, and company values. The research methodology employed a de-scriptive correlation design, utilizing judgmental sampling to select participants who have been operating their businesses for at least three years and are well-known in the local area. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire developed based on European Com-mission CSR policies. The findings reveal positive practices in the workplace, with a focus on employee skill development and ensuring health and safety. However, there were instances of employee dissatisfaction and room for improvement in communication and address-ing workplace concerns. The respondents demonstrated adherence to environmental regulations and a commitment to optimizing energy consumption. In terms of market policies, there was a strong emphasis on monitoring customer complaints, but areas for improvement were identified. The study also highlights the respondents' support for the local community by purchasing locally and providing training opportunities. Company values, such as employee orientation and awareness of rules of conduct, were prioritized, although further ef-forts were needed to ensure complete employee understanding. The research concludes that demographic factors, such as age, sex, and civil status, did not significantly impact CSR practices. These findings provide valuable insights for small enterprises in General Tinio to enhance their CSR initiatives and contribute to the development of local CSR policies.

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENGLISH LANGUAGE ANXIETY AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE AMONG TEACHER EDUCATION STU-DENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS []


This study examined the relationship between English language anxiety and communicative competence among teacher education stu-dents. The research design was correlational, and data were collected from 144 respondents selected through simple random sampling at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology (NEUST) Papaya Off-Campus. A questionnaire with three sections was used to collect data on profile information, English language anxiety, and communicative competence. The results indicated a significant relationship be-tween English language anxiety and communicative competence, suggesting that higher levels of anxiety were associated with lower levels of communicative competence. The challenges of achieving communicative competence in foreign language contexts were also discussed, including the lack of clear definition, difficulties in program design, and the high proficiency level required for effective teaching. Recom-mendations were provided, such as establishing a clear definition, contextualizing the concept, employing effective instructional strate-gies, enhancing teacher proficiency, developing comprehensive assessment approaches, fostering student engagement, and promoting research and collaboration. Implementing these recommendations could help overcome the challenges and create an inclusive language learning environment for non-native speakers.

Head Teachers’ Leadership Practices and Teachers’ job Performance in Rwandan Schools. A case Bugesera District. []


This study aimed to evaluate the effects of head teacher leadership practices on teachers' job performance in Rwanda, specifically in the Bugesera district. The study used a mixed-methods research design, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches, with closed-ended questions as the main method. The sample size was 173 teachers plus 12 Head teachers, giving a total of 185 participants, and the data was collected using a questionnaire. Data was summarized using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22, which helped generate a frequency table containing the mean and standard deviation utilized in interpretation and conclusion. The results showed that 50.3% of respondents believed that it was crucial to meet teachers regularly to evaluate their teaching, while 38.4% strongly agreed. Regular communication between head teachers and teachers was found to be essential for improving performance. The majority of respondents acknowledged that their head teachers recognize their efforts at work, which is a motivating factor for job performance improvement. Coaching methods were highly agreed upon by 46.5% of respondents, while 46.5% plan regular teacher training for work improvement, facilitate teachers seeking additional formation, and encourage interschool cooperation and learning. However, it was found that some head teachers do not help their teachers as required. The researcher recommended that the Ministry of Education prepare structured leadership formation and training for all employees hired to be school head teachers before they assume that responsibility to build their capacity with professional leadership and skills. Rwanda Education Board should make regular visits to head teachers and teachers to understand how their communication, collaboration, and subordination contribute to the achievement of national educational goals. The Sector and District Education Supervision Units should prepare regular supervision surveys to evaluate the ability of head teachers to lead their teachers and the quality of collaboration among them. Teachers who find that their leadership does not provide them with the necessary materials should be creative enough to create an occasion for them to reproach their head teachers and ask them to help them change. Academicians should conduct an in-depth scientific study on the same topic to determine if it will produce different results or if the results will be similar to the findings of this research. Keywords: Head teachers, leadership practices, teachers, job performance, schools, Bugesera.

EVALUATION OF RADIONUCLIDE CONTENTS OF WATER IN NGO RIVER, ANDONI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF RIVERS STATE IN NIGERIA []


The research work covers the activity concentration of radionuclide contents of water in Ngo River, Andoni L.G.A of River State, Nigeria due to anthropological activities. The samples were collected at ten (10) different points in Ngo River, Andoni L.G.A, Rivers State. The collected samples were taken to laboratory for analysis and evaluations of the radionuclide concentration present, and 40K, 226Ra and 232Th were found. The Gamma-Ray NaI(TI) Spectrometer was used to analyze and evaluate the activity concentration of radionuclide 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in the samples. The mean activity concentration in water from the study area are 55.30 ± 4.26 Bql-1, 22.80 ± 4.03 Bql-1 and 79.76 ± 9.17 Bql-1 which exceeded the world average values of 27.6 Bql-1, 10 Bql-1 and 1 Bql-1 for water respectively. The high rate of activity concentration of radionuclide contents present has enhances serious threat to residents and the environment which could be attributed to the activities of oil companies, maritime activities and dumping of waste in the river. The result of the study indicates high level of health risk to the populace in the area.

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN OF FAMILY CLINIC IN JINNAH HOSPITAL, LAHORE []


ABSTRACT Background: Abandoned population explosion is a burden on resources of many developing countries. The world population 75% lives in developing countries which has high fertility rate. The leading causes of death among reproductive age women are due to complications arising during pregnancy and child birth. Birth spacing not only reduces fertility but also improves health of the mother. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge of reproductive age women about contraception. Method: The present cross sectional study was carried out in the family clinic of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, from October 2018 to December 2018. Total 50 reproductive age women were enrolled in the study. Results: In the study 58.07% females had awareness regarding any method of contraception. Knowledge about female condoms was relatively low (42%). The main source of information of the respondents regarding contraception was media and husbands, family. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the educational status of the females to improve their understanding and uptake of modern contraceptives. Key words: Knowledge, Contraceptives, Reproductive Age.

DESIGN THINKING AND ICT INTEGRATION ITS EFFECT TO 21ST CENTURY SKILLS AMONG THE BTLED-HE STUDENTS OF KOLEHIYO NG PANTUKAN []


Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Design Thinking. Integration in the classroom is often viewed as a panacea for improving BTLED-H.E students of Kolehiyo ng Pantukan challenges in terms of their ICT Major. This study aimed to investigate the level of the Students of BTLED-H.E in terms of Technology and Software Applications being used to support digital and Learning Skills preservation within academic libraries in Kolehiyo ng Pantukan. The study thus looked into theories, Herbert Simon's Design Thinking Theory (1969), ICT integration, such as the OECD's ICT Literacy Concept (2006), and UNESCO's Components of 21st Century Skills (1980), used in preserving digital resources to enhance the success of implementing digital preservation systems in academic libraries in Kolehiyo ng Pantukan. The respondents of this study consisted of two hundred forty-nine (249) BTLED-H.E students and used Survey Questionnaire. The finding revealed that most respondents know how to access technologies and software applications and practice their skills to understand and enhance their knowledge of technology. The institution needs to encourage the students to show their skills and give them facilities and resources to help them preserve and avoid technological obsolescence. Keywords: Design Thinking and ICT Integration Its Effect to 21st Century Skills among the BTLED Home Economics students of Kolehiyo ng Pantukan.

Empirical Analysis of the Mode of Payment System in Nigerian Economy: Pre COVID-19 Era []


The study examines the contemporaneous and spill-over effects of the dominants payment system in Nigerian Economy in Pre-Covid-19 era using an excerpt of the CBN dataset on Cheque, POS and ATM value of transactions spanning through 2009 to 2019 on a monthly basis via the Vector Autoregressive Model techniques. During the Pre-Covid-19 era, it is discovered that the value of cheque transaction declines at the increase of ATM and POS transactions. Highest transactions across the payment system are associated with December while the least attributed to February on yearly basis over the study period. A long-run dependence is observed with the values of transaction per payment system. The value of cheque transaction is significantly related to its immediate past and its 3rd lag, there is no form of significant spillover effect of POS and ATM transaction on cheque transaction. Though there is a noticeable decrease in cheque transaction caused by ATM in the previous year as well as the 3rd year while the second year imposes a positive effect. The impact of the immediate past value of ATM transaction on the current is found to be statistically significant and positive; the values of POS transaction in the past two and three years pose negative and positive significant impacts on the value of ATM transaction respectively. Cheque transaction has no significant impact on ATM transaction. POS transaction is significantly impacted by its values in the previous year while a positive impact is associated with its immediate past. The forecast and the forecast error variance are also computed to account for the level of spill-over detected in each payment system transaction value. Keywords: VAR model, POS, Spill-over, Payment System, Transaction.

Management - Is it a science or an art? []


Every organisation needs management – why? Specifically, because all organisations have to co-ordinate their activities, operations and employees towards achieving organisational goals. Organisations employ managers to carry out management activities (planning, organizing, leading and controlling). The question then is: as managers go about managing their respective departments and organisations, should they be scientific or artistic in their approach?

FROM ACADEMIC TRACK TO TLE: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY ON SHS TO COLLEGE COURSE ALIGNMENT []


This phenomenological study explores the alignment of senior high school and college courses in the Philippines, specifically between the Academic Track and Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) approaches. The study applied a qualitative phenomenological research design exploring the participants' lived experiences. This study anchored the theories of college selection, happenstance theory, and social cognitive career theory. This research was formulated as an interview guide question, in-depth interview, and focus group study. Using purposive sampling, the researcher selects four participants from the BTLED department. After analyzing this study, students who switch from the academic track to TLE as a college course provide more favorable feedback according to the themes. This demonstrates that the TLE program is a good choice for students who may not have initially considered an academic future but are now flourishing and enjoying it. This study emphasizes the need for a student-centered educational strategy where educators and institutions work together to provide students with the knowledge, abilities, and competencies required to thrive in their chosen fields. By aligning senior high school and college curricula, we can ensure that students are well-prepared for the challenges of higher education and the workforce, improving outcomes for individuals and society. Keywords: Academic Track, Senior High School (SHS), College Course

Generic Skills and Employability of The Electrical Installation - Industrial Arts SHS Students In Pantukan []


The concept of employability, which refers to the person's readiness or graduate’s potential job performance and career advancement in the workplace, has barely ever been investigated. It’s also necessary to continue to assess and evaluate the quality of the job-readiness components of the SHS curriculum. Thus, this study was conducted to gather empirical evidence of the relationship between Generic Skills and Employability of the Electrical Installation - Industrial Arts SHS Students in Pantukan. The descriptive-correlational design with researcher made questionnaires was employed using two hundred and forty-seven (247) respondents. Probability, and mean were used in the statistical treatment while Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship of the main variables. The results revealed that the level of generic skills in terms of communication skills and working with others is very high. Which means that generic skills are manifested most of the time. On the other hand, the level of employability in terms of learning and personal skills are very high, which means that employability in all terms is manifested most of the time. Moreover, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the generic skills and employability. This implies that the more generic skills acquired by the students the more their employability will be affected positively. Therefore, there is a likelihood that the students will be employed if they possess those generic skills such as communication skills, numeracy, IT skills, learning how to learn, problem-solving skills, working with others, and subject-specific competencies.

DIGITAL LITERACY AND ONLINE LEARNING ATTITUDES OF BTLED STUDENTS IN KOLEHIYO NG PANTUKAN []


The concept of digital literacy is the capability of the person to know, criticize, and utilize the various information sources that we can access through digital tools, devices, and resources. On the other hand, online learning attitudes describe any form of pedagogy delivered using digital technology. This study was anchored in UNESCO’s Digital Literacy Framework (2018). Moreover, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) adopted and implemented Commission en Banc, Resolution No. 412-2020, series of 2020, regarding the Guidelines on the Implementation of Flexible Learning that were also utilized for the dependent variables. This study was conducted to determine the significance between digital literacy and online learning attitudes of BTLED students in Kolehiyo ng Pantukan. This study used the quantitative research method specifically descriptive correlational design with an adaptive questionnaire as a data gathering instrument. A total enumeration were used and the respondents of this study are the two hundred forty-nine (249) Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education students. The results revealed that the level of digital literacy of BTLED students is quite confident which means it is evident in most occasions. Meanwhile, the level of online learning attitudes is often indicating that it is evident in most occasions. The study showed that there is a high positive correlation between the independent and dependent variables. This highlighted that digital literacy and online learning attitudes might become the focus area of digital practices. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the level of digital literacy and online learning attitudes of BTLED students in Kolehiyo ng Pantukan. Keywords: Digital Literacy, Online learning attitudes, method, population, Philippines

QUALITATIVE - " ROUND THE CLOCK: SURVIVING COLLEGE LIFE WHILE WORKING []


ABSTRACT Surviving college life while working is a challenging experience that requires balancing academic responsibilities with work commitments. To understand this phenomenon, a phenomenological study could be conducted, which involves exploring the lived experiences, the challenges and difficulties and the hopes and aspirations of BTLED working students who have gone through this situation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the working students while studying, on how working student’s cope up with their struggles and difficulties and to fully understand the survival experiences of a working student. This study was gleaned on several theories. The Moral Responsibility theory of P.F Strawson, Watts & Pickering (2000), Human Capital Theory (Becker, 1964), Self-determination theory of Deci & Ryan, 1985. There were five (5) participants of BTLED selected students who participated in the individual in-depth interview. As the lived experiences of the participants four major themes emerged: torn between work and school tasks, constantly pressed for time, desolation, fatigue and anxiety and financial distress. With regards to their responses on how they overcome the challenges and difficulties, there were three major themes emerged: balancing act, sailing on and dreaming on. Lastly, their hopes and aspirations in surviving college life while working, there were three major themes emerged: stability and success, actualization and family's anchor. The results are serves as an eye opener to all college working students that they should continue their studies even they are working. Also, the results could help inform policies and programs that support students who work while attending college. This phenomenological study of surviving college life while working could provide valuable insights into the challenges and rewards of balancing work and academic responsibilities. Keywords: difficulties, surviving, lived experiences, balancing act

Critical Evaluation of the Relationship Between Housing Living Conditions and Infrastructural Facilities of Residents of Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria []


This research work examined sanitary conditions of housing units and the socio-economic characteristics of residents of Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria. Data types and sources for this study were derived from the administration of eight hundred and eighty (880) questionnaires on categories of respondents in the study area. Results from this study revealed that, the cost of housing construction and development is considerably high, coupled with high cost of maintenance and effluents discharge from sanitary facilities. This study therefore concluded and recommends that, preponderances of non-conforming buildings, particularly residential and insanitary environment should be put in-check, through a very strict and proactive enforcement of development control edits and sanitary laws.

ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC SERVICE QUALITY IN BKKBN REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE SOUTHEAST SULAWESI PROVINCE []


The aims of this study were: (1) to find out and analyze the quality of public services at the BKKBN Representative Office in Southeast Sulawesi Province; (2) To find out and analyze the Obstacles in implementing the quality of public services at the BKKBN Representative Office of Southeast Sulawesi Province. The key informants in this study were 3 people. Additional informants in this study were 3 employees of the Southeast Sulawesi Province BKKBN Representative Office and 2 people who contracted with the Southeast Sulawesi Province BKKBN Representative Office. The data analysis method used is adapted to the research objectives, namely to describe and analyze a phenomenon by describing the research focus related to the problem under study. In this study using descriptive qualitative analysis method. The results of the study state that: (1) The dimensions of service quality at the BKKBN Representative Office in Southeast Sulawesi Province itself are not effective enough because Reability itself is the ability to promise services which include two things, namely being trustworthy and accurate (precise and researched) is still less effective in these dimensions; (2) Obstacles at the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial BKKBN Representative Office are one of the obstacles to implementing services in inadequate space due to the repair process. And the service room is also not optimal, it is still in the process of being repaired in the service room because compared to other offices we are still behind if the service room is not too complete.

ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE []


what is AI and the history of AI can be include in this research paper. the future in next also concluded career guidance in AI, advancement starting from still 2023 was included in this research paper.

Challenges of Gender Mainstreaming Awareness in Abia State Civil Service []


The concept of gender mainstreaming is gaining increasing recognition in the civil service as a strategy for achieving gender equality in the workplace. This study aimed to explore the challenges of gender mainstreaming awareness among civil servants in various departments of the selected state ministries. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The study adopted the multi-staged sampling method (Purposive sampling technique and Snowball sampling). A set of inclusive criteria were laid down to guide the selection of respondents and participants for the mixed study. 400 respondents were purposely selected and questionnaires were distributed via the aid of a snowball sampling process in which 387 questionnaires were properly filled and retrieved. SPSS version 26 was used to analyzed the data gotten quantitatively. A survey was conducted among a sample of civil servants, and the results showed that while most respondents were aware of gender mainstreaming, there were varying levels of understanding and implementation across different departments and agencies. Some respondents believed that gender mainstreaming was simply about increasing the number of women in leadership positions, while others saw it as a broader strategy for addressing gender-based discrimination and promoting gender equality throughout the organization. The study highlights the need for further education and training on gender mainstreaming in the civil service to ensure that it is fully integrated into organizational practices and policies. It was also recommended the establishment of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming policies and initiatives in the civil service. For further research, the researcher suggested the examination of the relationship between organizational culture and the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies in the civil service. Key words: Awareness, Challenges, Civil Service, Gender Mainstreaming

AN EVALUATION OF THE COMPANY’S PROFITABILITY BASED ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FROM LAST THREE YEARS OF A COMPANY: CASE OF OMAN []


This case study focuses on the financial performance of a company and analyzation of the financial statement of the selected company with the help of different financial ratios ranging from balance sheet ratios, income statement ratios, and cashflow statement ratios with the aim of finding out the profitability of the company during the pre, in, and post pandemic. This case study uses both quantitative and qualitative data ranging from interviews to journal articles. An interview was conducted with an employee of the company who answered the query in regard to the objectives of the case study. This study is concluded with the remarks of this research along with the recommendations to future researchers who shall be doing their research regarding the financial performance of an industry.

The Impact of Covid-19 on Tourism in the Sigiriya area []


This research paper investigates the multifaceted effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Sigiriya. It has long been celebrated for its ancient rock fortress, attracting a significant number of domestic and international tourists. However, the pandemic, coupled with previous challenges such as the Easter attack, has inflicted substantial damage on the tourism industry in the region. This study employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the decline in tourist arrivals, economic implications for businesses, employment losses, and future prospects. Sigiriya experienced a significant decline in visitor numbers since the onset of the pandemic. This plummeting trend has had far-reaching consequences, leading to the closure of many businesses and a subsequent rise in unemployment. The study also reveals the profound economic impact on local communities, as tourism-related revenues constitute a significant portion of their income. To revive tourism in Sigiriya, several crucial measures are recommended. Providing financial support and Enhancing security measures to regain tourists' trust is paramount, considering the lingering concerns following the Easter attack. Improving infrastructure, including transportation and accommodation facilities, is essential to enhance visitor experiences. Furthermore, promoting sustainable practices can contribute to the long-term resilience of the tourism industry in Sigiriya. Therefore, stakeholders can work together to rebuild and sustain the tourism sector in Sigiriya. It is imperative to formulate a comprehensive recovery plan that addresses the immediate challenges and establishes a foundation for future growth. Keywords: Tourism, Sigiriya, Covid -19, Pandemic, Economic, Community

LEAD AMENDMENT IN PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS USING ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE MODIFIED WITH DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE []


This research work explores the potential of phosphate-modified ethylene vinyl acetate films for lead amendment in perovskite solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are becoming increasingly popular due to their high efficiency, low cost, and easy fabrication. However, one of their main drawbacks is the use of lead (Pb) due to its toxicity. The first step in the study was to synthesize a series of phosphate-modified polymer films under various concentrations. Subsequently perovskite layer was deposited on the films and the films were soaked in water for 12 hours. The films were then subjected to atomic absorption spectroscopic characterization to assess their chemical properties. After the characterization tests, the films were used for lead amendment in perovskite solar cells to evaluate their performance. The results of this study indicated that phosphate-modified polymer films are promising candidates for lead amendment in perovskite solar cells due to their ability to capture over 99.9% of Pb leakage without compromising the performance and operation of the cells, which showed a power conversion of 6.0%, 3.2%, and 7.0% respectively. The active layers were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer, and the results showed excellent optical response and a narrow band gap of 1.7ev for the perovskite layer and 2.0eV for the TiO2 layer.