Volume 11, Issue 9, September 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Comparison between active and passive neural mobilization for the management of lumbar radiculopathy: Which one is more effective? []


The most common site of musculoskeletal issues in young adults, aged between 15 to 35 years, is the back or lumbar region [1]. These issues can lead to various spinal syndromes, including postural problems, dysfunction, and derangement syndromes. Among these, lumbar radiculopathy is the most prevalent, often attributed to muscular and disc-related changes [2-4]. Research has indicated that neural mobilization is an effective technique for treating lumbar radiculopathy [5]. This approach can be administered passively by a physiotherapist or actively performed by the patient themselves [7]. Furthermore, studies have shown the effectiveness of neural mobilization in managing lumbar radiculopathy [8]

MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT IN PORT HARCOURT; SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE []


The significance of a healthy built environment cannot be overstated; regardless of the magnitude of the development, user safety should not be jeopardized. Architecture is a crucial field that is impacted by the increased loss of ecological biodiversity, so a practical strategy should be implemented to address the problems faced by the building industry, including pollution, environmental degradation brought on by the ongoing eradication of plant and tree life, and incessant rain and harsh weather conditions brought on by climate change without proper and effective landscaping plans to mitigate the issues. This study aims to demonstrate how to achieve ecologically sustainable architecture through eco-friendly design of mixed-use development in Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria. This study employed case studies to conduct a SWOT analysis on similar structures. Questionnaires were used to collect information from residents and business operators to determine if the proposed development could meet their needs. It was discovered that buildings designed with an eco-friendly approach were healthier, and the mixed-use development can meet housing demands in the area while improving walkability. The research took into account sustainable ecological architecture, area revitalization, efficient mix integration, and environmental sustainability. It was recommended that an eco-friendly design approach be used and that the government create legislation to preserve sustainable ecological architecture, while no construction permits that do not protect the environment should be granted for developments.

Content based fuzzy search recommender system based on new user preferences []


In the ever-expanding e-commerce industry, the continuous influx of data poses a pressing challenge, necessitating the accurate retrieval of long text searches to cater to evolving user preferences and ensure user retention. This research addresses the specific issue of text search retrieval for new user preferences within the realm of recommendation systems. To tackle this challenge, we adopt a design science research approach. Leveraging the Amazon book dataset as our foundation, we formulate a comprehensive solution. The core business logic for our application is implemented in Transact SQL and encapsulated as a stored procedure. The user interface is meticulously crafted using ASP.NET, incorporating HTML, CSS, and JavaScript elements to ensure a seamless user experience. C# serves as the bridge to seamlessly invoke the SQL procedure from Microsoft SQL Server 2019. The resulting system prototype is purpose-built to cater to the unique demands of new user preferences in the book recommendation system domain. Through this research, we aim to contribute valuable insights and practical solutions to enhance the efficacy of recommendation systems, ultimately facilitating better user experiences and improved user retention rates.

Impact of Non-Oil Export on Misery Index in Nigeria []


This paper examined the impact of non-oil export on misery index in Nigeria over the period 1981-2020. Data on misery index, non-oil export and trade openness were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and analysed using the Error Correction Model (ECM) after conducting basic analyses like: descriptive statistic, unit roots test and post estimation test. The results showed that: non-oil export has negative and insignificant impact on misery index. This implies that non-oil export improves the well-being of the citizens of Nigeria marginally. Trade openness has positive and significant impact on misery index. This suggested that trade liberalisation worsen well-being of Nigerian. The result also shows that about 67 percent of the total variation in misery index is attributed to changes in non-oil export and trade openness in Nigeria. The result further revealed that a long run relationship exist between misery index, non-oil export and trade openness in Nigeria over the period of this study. Based on these findings, the paper suggested increase investment in the real sector to stimulate non-oil export as well a prudent use of non-oil export revenue and restriction of imports in order to improve the living conditions of Nigerians. Key Words: Inflation, Misery index, Non-oil export, Poverty, Trade openness and Unemployment

AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW OF THE DDOS DATASETS, TECHNIQUES, DIFFICULTIES, AND FUTURE RESEARCH PROSPECTS FOR CYBER-THREAT DETECTION []


This article offers a thorough analysis of DDoS datasets, approaches, challenges, and potential future research directions for cyber-threat identification. DDoS statistics are essential for creating and assessing detection methods. It was discovered that every attack category is examined with regard to its traits, discovering challenges, and current detection techniques. The use of anomaly-based, signature-based, and hybrid methodologies as well as other machine learning, statistical tools was addressed for identifying widespread denials of service. This study also emphasizes the value of minimizing dimensionality and feature aggregation strategies in enhancing the effectiveness and precision of DDoS detection systems. The potential for future study in cyber-threat authentication in relation to DDoS attacks was underlined. These opportunities encompass creation of more accurate datasets, investigation of cutting-edge techniques for detection utilizing deep learning and artificial intelligence, and the incorporation of DDoS detection equipment with additional safety measures. For researchers and professionals involved in cybersecurity, this synopsis is an invaluable tool.

Study on prevalence of Gastrointestinal Nematode in Cattle and its associated risk factors in Horo District,Oromoa,Ethiopia []


SUMMARY A cross sectional study was carried out from December 2017to Augest 2018 to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with cattle gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in Horo District of Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. A total of 384 fecal samples of cattle of different sexes and ages were collected and examined for gastrointestinal nematode eggs using floatation techniques. Out of these, 159 (41.4%) of animals were found positive for one type of gastrointestinal nematode infection which includes Ostertagia spp 12(3.1%), Oesophagostomum spp 8(2.1%), Strongloid spps 15(3.9%), Trychostrongylus spp 18(4.7%), Hemonchus spp 64(16.7%), Bunostomum spp 27(7%) and Trichuris spp 15(3.9%). A significantly higher prevalence (P<0.05) of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes was recorded in adult (48%) than in young (44.2%) and calf (21.5%) animals. Sex-wise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was not significant (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant variation (P<0.05) among the different body conditions study animals, where highest prevalence was recorded in poor (58.3%) followed by medium (38.2%) and good (32.2%) body condition. Hence, in this study the sex of the animal, body condition and age are important risk factors associated with gastrointestinal nematodes in the study area. Keywords: Cattle, Fecal, Flotation, Gastrointestinal, Nematode, Prevalence, Horo District.

CONTRAST BETWEEN BISECTION, NEWTON-RAPHSON AND SECANT METHODS FOR DETERMING THE ROOT OF THE NON-LINEAR EQUATION USING PYTHON PROGRAMS []


In this paper, we present the mathematical background of the three most common numerical methods of solving non-linear equations. The Bisection, Newton-Raphson and Secants method are indicated to show the numerical approximation of the non-linear equation f(x) = x3 -4x +2 = 0 on a closed interval [a,b]. the paper wants to display the comparison of the implementation and the rate of convergence among the numerical methods to detect the root of the non-linear equation using PYTHON PROGRAMS. The Newton- Raphson, and Secant methods are more absolutely accurate and speedy to converge with a few steps of iterations while the Bisection method takes too much iteration to converge. It was observed that the Bisection method converges at the 13th iteration while Newton-Raphson and Secant method converges to get the exact root of 0.5392 at the 3rd and 5th iterations respectively. It was then concluded that of the three methods considered the Secant method is the most effective to use although the Newton-Raphson method converges faster but it requires difficulty in taking a derivation, this is in line with the results on the table of iterations. Keywords: Roots, Convergence, Algorithms, Iterations, Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method, Secant method. python programming

An investigation on the perceived Effectiveness of Personal Counseling among Educational Psychology students: Case of College of Education in Eritrea Institute of Technology- Mai-nefhi []


Counseling as a helping relationship is an important practice in resolving life problems; the practice does instill in the individuals skills that are essential for their future practice. Among many beneficial effects in personal counseling are skills development, self-awareness, emotional availability, empathy and theoretical knowledge. This study was to determine the perceived effectiveness of personal counseling. The data was collected from 72 educational psychology students, age ranging from 20 to 27 years old, in the academic year 2016-2017 in their second, third and fourth years of the academic year. A self-structured four Likert scale questionnaire measuring perceived effectiveness of personal counseling was administered during the normal classroom hours. Convenience sampling was employed. The scale’s reliability produced a Cronbach’s Alpha of .587, p= .000. It was found that personal counseling is perceived to be highly effective (86%). There was no significant difference between the participants’ demographic characteristics. Gender did not influence the participants perceived effectiveness of personal counseling (χ2= 1.138, p= .286). Similarly, prior experience of personal counseling did not yield any significant relationship with perceived effectiveness of personal counseling (χ2=.861, p= .650).

Landslide Risk Perceptions and Associated Factors Among Families Living in High Risk zones in Gasabo District, Rwanda []


This study aimed to assess the perceptions of landslide risk and the associated socio-demographic and economic factors among families residing in landslide-prone areas in Gasabo District. Landslides have significant economic, environmental, and social impacts, with over 50% of reported landslides in Asia, Africa, and South America resulting in fatalities. The study adopted a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach, targeting 4157 households in high-risk zones of Gasabo District. A random sample of 365 households was selected for data collection using a semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic information and landslide risk perceptions. Key findings from the study indicated that 59.5% of respondents had landslide risk perceptions, while 40.5% did not. Socio-demographic factors, including family size and past experience, were significantly associated with landslide risk perceptions. Economic factors such as land ownership (heritage and purchase) and income level also played a role in shaping these perceptions. Despite a relatively high proportion of respondents perceiving landslide risks, the overall level of landslide risk perception was still low. This poses a potential public health problem, as inadequate risk perception could expose the populations of Gatsata and Jali in Gasabo District to landslide risks. The study underscores the importance of interventions to prevent and manage landslide risks while increasing awareness among communities about these risks. Keywords: Landslide, Risk perceptions, Associated factors, Families, High risk zones, Rwanda

Knowledge, attitudes and practice towards multi drug resistant tuberculosis management among health care providers at Kibagabaga Hospital in Kigali []


Abstract Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health issue, and the discovery and management of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are a complete disaster. The global MDR-TB treatment accomplishment rate was 52% in 2015, with just 125000 (20%) of the anticipated 500,000 recently fit for MDR-TB therapy cases still registered. However, healthcare providers have inadequate knowledge about MDR-TB management. Therefore, this study assessed at healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding MDR-TB management. Therefore, it is driven by the following detailed objectives: to evaluate the level of knowledge on MDR-TB management, to identify attitudes on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis management, to determine the level of practices on MDR-TB management, and to establish factors associated with practice toward MDR-TB management among health care providers at Kibagabaga hospital. The findings of the study will be valuable to policymakers in adopting methods to the control and management of MDR-TB, as well as a reference for future research. The study design used was descriptive cross-sectional. Nurses, midwives, physicians, and counselors comprised the target population, and a sample size of 122 was calculated using Taro Yamane's sample size calculation formula. To collect quantitative data on healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and practice about MDR-TB management, a self-questionnaire was utilized. SPSS Version 21 was employed in statistical analysis. Agreeing to the findings of the study, the majority of healthcare providers (63.1%) had a low level of knowledge, nearly half (48.4%) had a positive attitude toward MDR-TB, and 45.9% had strong MDR-TB management practice. The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that training on MDR-TB was 4.57 times (AOR = 4.57; 95% CI = 1.79 - 11.69; p value = 0.002) more likely to have sufficient practice managing MDR-TB, and good knowledge about MDR-TB was 4.93 times (AOR = 4.93; 95% CI = 1.97 - 12.35; p value = 0.001) more likely to have adequate MDR-TB management practice. Healthcare providers' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding MDR-TB management were insufficient. As a result, it is necessary to strengthen MDR-TB management implementation by providing trainings in increasing knowledge among healthcare providers.

Influence of Strategic Innovation on Performance of Insurance Companies in Kenya []


Increased global and regional rivalries have led firms to create and sustain competitive edge by engaging in innovation. A first changing environment with constant abrupt changes makes it indispensable for firms to build up their capability to innovate. Owing to performance disparities among firms, it is important to investigate whether the level of strategic innovation adopted by these firms is a major source of variation. The overall objective of this study was to determine the influence of strategic innovation on performance of insurance firms in Kenya. The objectives of the study were; to examine the effect of product innovation on firm performance; to establish the effect of marketing innovation on firm performance; to determine the influence of process innovation on firm performance and finally to assess the effect of organizational innovation on firm performance. This study was anchored on Schumpeterian innovative theory, theory of innovative enterprise, resource based view theory and dynamic capability theory. The study employed descriptive research design. The population comprised of all the 41 insurance firms in Kenya and census survey was carried out. The study relied on both primary and secondary data. The study applied multiple regression analysis as the principal estimation tool. The findings suggest that product and process innovation were negatively and significantly related to performance while marketing and organizational innovation were positively and significantly associated with performance.. The study made significant contribution to management practice, policy formulation and theory development.

Toxicological Analysis of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia Fish) in Sallari Lake in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria []


Sallari Lake, popularly known by the fishermen as "Ruwan Kandamiy," is a polluted lake in the Kano metropolis. Municipal and household garbage are two different sources from which pollution is produced. Every day, residents of the area dump domestic and industrial waste, dead animals, human waste, faeces, and urine in Sallari Lake. A well-known lake in Nigeria's Kano metropolis is Sallari Lake, where fisherman capture fish to sell and eat. The water and fish in this lake, however, were found to be highly polluted, which raises the possibility that they are unfit for human consumption. In light of this, Oreochromis niloticus from this lake was evaluated biochemically, haematologically, and histopathologically, and the results were compared to those of another Oreochromis niloticus from an unpolluted pond. Oreochromis niloticus was sampled from various lake regions as part of the investigation. Glucose, total proteins, total lipids, cholesterol, AST, ALT, and ALP are among the blood biochemical markers that are examined. RBC, Hb, and Hct were the haematological parameters analysed. The liver and heart were examined histopathologically. According to the study's findings, there were differences between the data collected from the fish in Sallari Lake and the fish in the control pond. This implies that the fish in Sallari Lake have suffered some harm to their livers and other essential organs as a result of the pollution in the lake. Additionally, this might be harmful to the wellbeing of fish consumers.

A Study on Strategic Management as a Determinant of Organizational Performance []


The study deals on the importance of strategic management in business organizations and how business strategies could determine the performances of an organization. Managers in all organizations need strategies to solve the complicated problems that they have to cope with. This is where business strategies or strategic management is required. The study, thus, aims to identify strategic management as a key determinant of organizational performance. The main objective of this research is to understand the importance of strategic management in business, so that organizations can utilize it for improving efficiency in business, as well as that of their employees. The literature review discusses the opinions of other scholars who in one way or the other have carried out investigations in this area and their views of how strategic management is indispensable in the performance of a business organization. The research is believed to provide crucial knowledge on the impacts of strategic management as a factor for organizational performance. The interpretive research method was used in the data collection and analysis. The research approach was qualitative where literature review was used, and a case study method was applied. A case study on Coca Cola Company Calabar, Nigeria was used to answer the research questions. Also, interviews were conducted, the records of which were collected and analyzed. During the research program, all ethical issues were observed and the purpose and procedures of the study were clearly declared. The study explains all the procedures applied for data collection and a clear analysis based on the examinations was provided. The findings emphasizes that as more and more industries become global, strategic management is also becoming increasingly, an important way to keep track of international developments and position companies for long-term competitive advantage. The study’s conclusion is that effective strategic management in business organizations is a key to determining organizational performance.

A THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF THE GLOBAL TRADE IN DRUGS: HOW RELIABLE IS RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY IN EXPLAINING THE MOTIVATION FOR ALL OF THE ACTORS INVOLVED IN TRAFFICKING DRUGS []


This research examines organised criminal gangs to evaluate the relationship between rational choice theory and drug trafficking. It argues that the dominance of rational choice theory as the sole explanation for trafficking can be called into question when compared to the motivations of those higher in the quasi-legal-criminal hierarchy of the global trade in drugs. It tests the validity of rational choice theory underpinning why traffickers ingest kilos of cocaine or heroin into their bodies to transport it half way across the globe with the rationality of bankers laundering cocaine profits for drug barons at the opposite end of the social hierarchy. It also examine the reasons for the disparity in punishments which send impoverished marginalised foreign nationals to prisons for fourteen years while the banking fraternity avoids prosecution. This study evaluates whether or not the average drug trafficker that swallows ounces of heroin can realistically be defined as rational. How can the drug ‘mule’ be rational compared the mafia boss, corrupt politicians, law enforcement agents, police officers as well as the leaders of the emerging mafia states? This paper argues that a combination of factors integral to the rise in drug trafficking and neo-liberalism has had implications for poor, black and minority ethnic women. A feminist analysis of existing case studies informs the primary chapter to illustrate how drug trafficking organisations is a means to an end whereby it serves the interests of the liberal few. The research concludes that rational choice is appropriate in many junctures of the drug trafficking process. However, it is also evident that not every drug mule is guilty of rationally choosing to perpetrate the crime that enables the spread of drugs across the globe. Key Words Globalisation; neoliberalism; mafia states; mules; corruption; sentencing; exclusion

Circulation Efficiency In Urban Entertainment Centres []


This article provides an overview of urban entertainment centres, and large commercial developments that combine retail, entertainment, and dining industries in one location. It emphasizes the importance of circulation efficiency within these centres to enhance visitor experiences. The article defines urban entertainment centres, discusses their circulation systems, and explores the challenges faced in optimizing circulation patterns. It highlights the significance of circulation efficiency in enhancing visitor experiences, ensuring safety and security, and driving economic benefits. The article presents general planning principles and specific strategies to optimize circulation efficiency, boost local economies, and create inclusive and vibrant urban environments. It further discusses a case study of the Adelaide Entertainment Centre in Australia and concludes with recommendations for enhancing circulation in such centres.

Audit Committee and Sustainability Reporting of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria []


To ensure the existence of generations unborn, sustainability practice is crucial. In the accounting profession, sustainability reporting is critical as it makes the reporting entity aware of its actions. Hence, the main focus of this study was to examine the effect of the audit committee on sustainability reporting of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study population comprised thirteen listed deposit money banks and nine were selected as sample. The ex-post facto research design was adopted and secondary data was extracted from the audited annual reports for the years 2013 to 2022. Multiple regression was used to measure the effect of the audit committee on sustainability reporting of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The result shows that the audit committee size, the meeting frequency of the audit committee and the level of independence of the committee all have a positive effect on the level of sustainability reporting. It is concluded from this study that the audit committee does have a significant influence on the sustainability reporting of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. It is recommended that the audit committee should be comprised of more independent directors. Keywords: Audit committee gender composition, Audit committee independence, Audit committee meeting frequency, Audit committee size, Stakeholders

Eyelid Laceration Secondary to Domestic Dog Bite: A Case Report []


Background: Domestic dog bites are most common up to 90% and can exert influence on victims of incompatible age group from children to the old age people. Other attackers include donkey, monkey, cats and horses. The dog bite injuries are commonly located in unlike body area consist head, neck and face. Management plan after dog bite includes tetanus, anti rabies vaccination with suturing the wound and broad spectrum antibiotic cover. Case report: A 9 year old male child came to our casuality room with a alleged history of domestic dog bite. Child had several and large scale lesion on face, laceration of left lower eyelid with tissue loss. Conclusion: In our case study a child patient is victim of dog bite with injury limited to face. Primary management of lid laceration is by means of emergency suturing the wound in layers along with canalicular repair with or without stent. Secondary management is with vaccination and antibiotic cover. The child was followed up after one month show good cosmesis without any complication.

PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG CAR FREE DAY SPORTS PARTICIPANTS IN THE CITY OF KIGALI, RWANDA []


Abstract Introduction: Elevated blood pressure represents one of the world’s most serious public health concerns and its prevalence is rapidly rising in developing countries. Studies done in different EAC country members on hypertension showed steadily increasing with current prevalence of 25.4 per cent, 25.7 percent, 15.3 percent, in Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda respectively. In an effort to Prevent or control the elevated Blood Pressure, the Government of Rwanda introduced the car free day sports with the aim of preventing or controlling the status of blood pressure. However, even if those measures have been taken, most people remain unaware of their blood pressure status. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with elevated blood pressure among car free day sports participants. Methods: Cross-sectional research design with quantitative approach was used to collect data from a target population of all car free day sports participants aged above 18 years in the City of Kigali. A descriptive statistic (mean, percentage and frequencies), bivariate (Chi-square test with α=0.05) and multiple logistic regression (95% CI and AOR) were carried out to assess the significant factors using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS v22.0). The significance level was set at P-value equal to ≤0.05 and confidence level of 95%. This study involved 375 car free day sports participants as a total sample size recruited by using random sampling technique in gathering points for car free day in the City of Kigali on one day from sports gathering centers of ULK, RRA and IPRC-Kicukiro. Results: The study findings on the prevalence of elevated blood pressure among car free day sports participants in Kigali-city demonstrated that 66.4% of the respondents had normal blood pressure; 21.3% had elevated blood pressure; 8.6% had pre-hypertension while 3.7% had hypertension. Multivariate analysis showed that participants aged more than 50 years old were ten times more likely to be associated with elevated BP. Also, being rich was seven times more likely than being poor associated to elevated BP. Also, working as white collar was 7.8 more less likely than working as blue collar associated to elevated BP. Having a family member with hypertension problems was 22.185 times more likely associated to elevated BP. Being a regular alcohol consumer was 12.5 times more likely associated to elevated BP. Not consuming fruit and vegetables was 9 times more likely associated to elevated BP. Not practicing physical exercises was 13 times more likely associated to elevated BP. Smoking was 8 times more likely associated to elevated BP. Having ≥30 of BMI was 7 times more likely associated to elevated BP and having a waist to HIP ratio of ≥0.86 for Male and >1.0 for Female was 7.5 times more likely associated to elevated BP. Conclusion: Therefore, this study revealed that about one third of car free day sports participants in Kigali-city live with elevated blood pressure. In addition, aging, Family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and CVD, Alcohol consumption, Smoking, High salted foods consumption are positively associated to the presence of elevated blood pressure (Risk factors) while Physical Exercises, Fruit and vegetable consumption are negatively associated to the presence of elevated blood pressure (Protective factors). Key words: Prevalence, Car free day sports, Elevated blood pressure, Hypertension, Non-communicable diseases, Cardiovascular diseases and Factors associated.

Effective Practices for Managing Teacher Absenteeism in Public Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Mporokoso District; Zambia []


The study investigated on effective practices of managing teacher absenteeism in public secondary schools in Mporokoso district. The study made use of a qualitative approach and case study design. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to selected participants. Research instruments used to collect data were documentary analysis, interview and observation. Data was analysed using thematic analysis method by coding emerging themes which came out during the findings. Findings established factors such as personal, school and environmental contribute much to teacher absenteeism. Furthermore, the study established that teacher absenteeism had deadly effects on learner academic performance because mostly there is no completion of the syllabus and pupils develop indiscipline behaviours. The study also revealed that teacher absenteeism has an effect towards low achievement of the pupils. It makes teachers not to complete the syllabus, causes differential performances among pupils and a decline in discipline is inevitable. In order to reduce the teacher absenteeism, the study recommended that there is a need to readdress the effects of school, personal and environment factors on teacher absenteeism by teachers themselves and the relevant public authorities. In addition, the study recommended that there is a need for regular supervision by the entrusted authorities to do the supervisory activities like the DEBS office and heads of the schools. Key words: Absenteeism, teacher absenteeism, management, administration and practices

Les valeurs familiales à travers les récits coraniques et bibliques []


La famille est une institution d’importance prépondérante tantôt pour l’individu que pour la société. Sa présence était depuis toujours pertinente et d’un grand intérêt. Néanmoins, une relation familiale n’est pas toujours saine et platonique puisqu’elle est éprouvée par des facteurs internes ou étrangers qui contribuent à la défaillance des liens familiaux. La défaillance familiale se montre plus alarmante dans notre ère de modernité. Un tel constat donne la puce à l’oreille de la présence de maux sociaux et spirituels sous-jacents. Il est impératif, donc, de diagnostiquer l’état et d’essayer de le traiter sous différents angles afin de mettre le doigt sur l’origine du mal. Les différentes branches des sciences juridiques, humaines et sociales ont abordé cette question pour trouver quelques facteurs régissant et favorisant cette défaillance familiale en croissance de nos jours.