Volume 11, Issue 2, February 2023 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Intangible Causes of Poverty among Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous People in Nepal []


Although poverty doesn’t limit to a certain caste or ethnic group, this article explores why mostly ethnic and indigenous people suffer poverty. Poverty is mostly concentrated in the Chepang community of Nepal, which according to various studies have to mark them as the most vulnerable and highly risked people to poverty. Around 90% of Chepang are below the poverty line. A study conducted by the Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) classified Chepang to be a highly marginalized person in 2004. The focus of my study is to assess intangible factors associated with their cultural values, practices, and norms. The objective of this result is to understand poverty from the perspective of ethnic people and obtain intangible causes of poverty. The data that has been interpreted and analyzed will be secondary through the method of interpretation. The result shows that there are incorporeal causes like their meaningless traditions, customs, rituals, and festivals equally leading Chepang into poverty.

INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS ON PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN RWANDA: CASE OF HORIZON CONSTRUCTION COMPANY []


This research study sought to examines how leadership skills influence performance of construction projects in Rwanda with reference of Horizon construction company. The research objectives were; to assess how leadership approaches influence performance of construction projects in Rwanda, to determine if leadership environment influence performance of construction projects in Rwanda, and to analyze how leadership risk assessment influence performance of construction projects in Rwanda. The survey design was used in this study and descriptive analysis was used to interpret data collected using questionnaire and analyses causal and relationship between performance of construction projects as dependent variable and independent variables; leadership approaches, leadership environment, and leadership risk assessment. The studied population include staff and management team of Horizon construction company, totaling 119 employees from different departments. The study employed census sampling technics. Data were collected, coded, and entered into Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data were analyzed based on the content mater of the responses, and descriptive analytical design was employed in order to interpret data and analyze causal and relationship between performance of construction projects. Inferential statistics using Karl Pearson’s correction factors and regression analysis was applied to find out the relationship between variables and their influence on performance of construction projects. The findings showed that both variables are significant and positively correlated with a positive relationship; leadership approaches have the lowest significance positive relationship with performance of construction projects at (r:0.213, p<0.038), while leadership environment, and leadership risk assessment have the highest significance positive relationship with performance of construction projects at ((r: 0.582, p<0.000) and (r:0.659, p<0.000)) respectively. One-unit increase in both leadership approaches, leadership environment, and leadership risk assessment, increase performance of construction projects in Rwanda by a factor of 0.124,0.112, and 0.247 respectively. Conducive working environment in construction sector and construction companies is very important towards projects performance. Construction companies are recommended to adopt democratic and autocratic leadership approaches to ensure construction project performance, promoting a leadership environment that influence a conducive working environment in construction sector and construction companies is also a paramount to performance of a project. Participation and continuous involvement of leadership in critical risk assessment. Finally, study recommends discouraging laissez fair leadership approach to not allow every project team member or leadership management to take his /her own decision which can lead to poor performance of construction projects.

RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF COFFEE AGRI-BUSINESS SECTOR IN RWANDA; COFFEE EXPORTERS AND PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION OF RWANDA (CEPAR), KIGALI, RWANDA. []


The study is about the Risk Management Practices and Performance of Coffee Agri-Business Sector in Rwanda; Coffee Exporters and Processors Association of Rwanda (CEPAR), Kigali, Rwanda. The study was guided by four specific objectives. The first objective was to elaborate how the risk control can influence the performance of coffee agribusiness in Coffee Exporters and Processors Association of Rwanda. The second was to investigate how risk prevention can affect the performance of coffee agribusiness in Coffee Exporters and Processors Association of Rwanda. The third objective was about finding out how risk transfer as Management Practices can influence the performance of coffee agribusiness in Coffee Export and Processor Association of Rwanda. The last objective was to assess how risk retention can contribute to the performance of coffee agribusiness in Coffee Export and Processor Association of Rwanda. The researcher used qualitative and quantitative approach while descriptive and correlation analysis was used as research design. The researcher used both primary and secondary data collection methods to collect data. The targeted respondents were 170, while the current respondents were 164 who managed to respond to the questionnaires. The questionnaires and interviews were used as data collection instruments. For data processing, the researcher used editing, coding, classification and tabulation. The researcher used the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), will be used to process the statistical data. The first objective revealed that the risk control has the significant influence on the performance of coffee agribusiness where β= .382 at p<0.05. Second objective inferred that there is a significant correlation between the risk prevention and the performance of coffee agribusiness in Coffee Exporters and Processors Association of Rwanda because β= .68.7 at p<0.05 while objective three indicated that risk transfer can influence the performance of coffee agribusiness in Coffee Exporters and Processors Association of Rwanda. The last objective has significantly revealed that risk retention can contribute to the performance of coffee agribusiness in CEPAR as well as in Rwanda.

IMPACT OF IT INFRASTRUCTURE FLEXIBILITY ON FIRM PERFORMANCE OF PAKISTAN’S SHIPPING COMPANIES: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY []


. The research is based on the need for a flexible information technology infrastructure in an organization. As it is mandatory for a firm to develop a strategy to provide resilience.For this purpose, this research has worked on proposing a model to assist firms in adopting a long-term strategy to cope with uncertainty. The model investigates IT infrastructure flexibility impact on performance of shipping companies in Pakistan. This direct and positive impact is mediated by a capability that is absorptive capacity. As shipping companies play a major role in the contribution to a country's GDP, therefore, the proposed model is tested on this particular industry. The key to gain competitive advantage is by working on its IT infrastructure, making it flexible as per the needs and market trends changing rapidly and also adapt absorptive capacity at the same time. Being technologically strong means a firm has the required and flexible technology (hardware, software, human). The management has a major role to play in increasing firm’s overall performance by having an attitude of accepting, learning and implementing new ideas and knowledge.

The Study Of Digital Marketing And Its Impact In The Business World []


The aim of this research is to show how the digital marketing of products or services using digital technologies mainly internet platform such as YouTube, Facebook, WeChat, twitter and many more. Digital marketing is one of the faster growing career path nowadays and great way to grow business and reach out to potential customers in which generate targeted advertising for products and services for people who need them. Here are few benefits of digital marketing better customer engagement, brand image which can be designed for effective company brand awareness if a customer don’t know or have any awareness of a brand he/she will not be able to make conversion. So with the help of this awareness there will be a positive brand sentiment for a long-term value.

DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL ACCESS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA []


The purpose of this study is to assessing the effects of access to finance’s determinants on the business development in Rwanda. The specific objectives: to examine the effects of credit offering on development of small and medium enterprise; to determine the effects of interest rate on development of small and medium enterprise; to analyze the effects of business risk on development of small and medium enterprise and to suggest possible solution to the challenges associated with accessing to finance’s on development of small and medium enterprise in Rwanda. This study was designed as descriptive study for small and medium enterprise using the survey method; a case study was to describe the analysis of access to finance’s determinants on the business development in Rwanda, the researcher acquired knowledge regarding the subject under topic. It is a qualitative analysis that involves careful observation of a situation. All the respondents from the population of SMES in Kigali to respond to research questionnaires. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data. As far as this study is concerned, the population was comprised of employees of SMES in Kigali targeting 4,112 employees. To describe target population of a study as the point of focus from which a generalization was made regarding the research findings. Thus, a sample size of 98 people as respondents was considered as the representatives of the total population. The researcher used primary and secondary data to get all information needed in this study, the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics after running the data collected through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings the study concluded that high transaction costs increase the cost of borrowing and also restrict access to external finance for some borrower groups. The researcher also concluded that insurance fees have drastically reduced as a result of financial institutions partnering with insurance companies. Legal fees incurred by SMEs while borrowing funds has reduced in the recent past. The study concluded that the amount of interest rate charged is affected by expected inflation, default risk, liquidity premium and maturity premium. It also conferred that a less liquid security attracts high interest rate. Interests on loans vary depending on length of time to maturity an obligation bond takes. The study concluded that borrowers deemed to be not creditworthy are denied loans completely (credit rationed). Risky ventures are credit rationed by banks in most cases. From the findings the study further concluded that lending institutions consider the size of an enterprise while approving loan application. The study further concluded that lending institutions tend to impute a high risk to small enterprises and are therefore reluctant to extend credit to them. Assets of most SMEs face the risk of obsolescence therefore may not be offered as collateral. The emerging technology in government policy has negatively affected most SMEs operations. In the light of the foregoing findings, the study recommends that; SME lending often depends heavily on relationships between borrowers and lenders, and therefore there is need for the lending institutions to simplify loan application process to avoid unnecessary expenses. This will encourage more SMEs to apply for loans. Lending institutions should also ensure that loan repayment process is flexible for SMEs. The high interest rates are one of the greatest hindrances of financial accessibility by SMEs. Interest in access to finance has increased significantly in recent years Therefore the government through the ministry of finance should ensure that the set interest rates are adhered to. This will ensure that SMEs are not exploited and are able to access loans. Keywords: Financial access and business development

The impact of workforce diversity on the firm performance: Study on selected private banks from Ethiopia. []


The purpose of the research was studying the impact of work force diversity in terms of the surface level (age, gender, ethnicity and religion) as well as deep level (educational background) on the performance of firm in selected private banks from Ethiopia. The workforce dimensions were independent variables (predictors) while firm performance is the dependent variable. For this study workforce (employees) in all private banking sectors in Ethiopia is the population. The target population is 120 employees of all levels working in Awash bank, Dashin bank, Hibret bank and Abyssinia bank which is 30 employees from each bank in the head and main offices located in Addis Ababa. Stratified random sampling was adopted for the study. The technique is found convenient since the population under the study is based on four private commercial banks whose distinct employee can be considered as stratum each. Depending on the research objective and research questions, explanatory research design and quantitative research approach is used. Furthermore to test the hypotheses and to answer the research questions, questionnaires were prepared and distributed to the target population. Descriptive analysis (measures of central tendency, dispersion, percentage, mean) and inferential analysis (correlation and regression) of the data gathered were done. Based on the result of the research the workforce diversity in terms of age, gender, educational background and ethnicity have impact on the performance of the selected private banks from Ethiopia. Following the statistical evidence of workforce diversity impacts on the performance of the banks, the private bank manager and human resource functions should erect structures and policies that are tolerant of employees’ unique characteristics. The researcher recommends that the same study be conducted again but on a wider scope. Keywords: work force diversity, age diversity, gender diversity, educational background diversity, ethnic diversity, religion diversity, firm performance.

OPTIMISM OF CERVICAL CANCER PATIENTS UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY []


Cervical cancer is the second most common among women in less developed regions, with an estimated 570,000 new cases in 2018. Cancer patients with an optimistic attitude toward life can adapt to their physical condition better than pessimistic cancer patients. This study aimed to explore the optimism of cervical cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. This type of research used qualitative study design, and the qualitative type used in this research is narrative. The source population is cervical cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in RSUP. H. Adam Malik. The sample used purposive sampling. The result found cervical cancer patients feel down, often think they are not accepting their illness, and are afraid to die. Seeing their friends recover from cervical cancer after undergoing long-term treatment fosters a sense of optimism in sufferers. All patients experience tremendous fear of the smooth process of chemotherapy and need family nuclear to encourage optimism to undergo chemotherapy. Recommendation for future researchers is to develop programs for optimizing cancer patients' optimism, empowering families of people with cancer, and forming a cancer survivor community and effective communication for people living with cancer, especially cervical cancer.

TEACHERS INNOVATIVENESS AND SCHOOL HEAD MANAGERIAL SKILLS OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN COTABATO CITY DIVISION []


The main focus of the study is to determine the influence of the managerial skills of school head and teacher’s attitude towards school development and teacher’s innovativeness. The study is both qualitative and quantitative research it used the descriptive correlation method of research. The study was conducted in 12 elementary schools in Cotabato City Division. The respondents of the study were the school head and teachers of 12 elementary schools in Cotabato City Division. The respondents were taken from the schools and the criteria of the inclusion as respondents of the study were the nature of appointment. Those who holding permanent appointment was included in the respondents of the students. Simple random sampling techniques was used in determining the respondents of this study. A research constructed questionnaire was used to gather information needed to answer the specific problem in the study. In describing the different variables in this study the descriptive statistics such as mean and Pearson r was used. The managerial skill of school head in Cotabato City Division in terms of human relation skills was very satisfactory with a sub-mean of 3.32. The managerial skill of school head in Cotabato City Division in terms of technical skills were satisfactory with a sub-mean of 3.21. The managerial skill of school head in Cotabato City Division in terms of communicative skills was very satisfactory with a sub-mean of 3.30. The level of managerial skill of school head in Cotabato City Division in terms of decision making skills was very satisfactory with a sub-mean of 3.34. In the light of the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are strongly recommended. Training on managerial skills should be given to school head to make them more updated and competent in managing their school. Support to imrpove teachers innovativeness is highly recommended to improved teachers innovation in school development. Similar studies are strongly recommended to include other variable not within the scope of the study. Keywords: Teachers Innovativeness, Managerial Skills, ICT-Teaching Strategies, Cotabato City

GLOBAL ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY AND EXCHANGE RATE IN NIGERIA: A TODA-YAMAMOTO APPROACH []


The rise in global economic uncertainty (GEU) has made individuals, firms and governments take reserved positions, as near-accurate forecasting becomes difficult. This study examines GEU and the exchange rate in Nigeria, following a Toda-Yamamoto approach. The research employs a multivariate model to analyse the monthly data on the exchange rate and uncertainty. Findings reveal that there is no causal relationship between Nigeria’s exchange rate and GEU. The result also shows that the response of exchange rate to shocks to economic policy uncertainty is asymmetry while the variance decomposition reveals that the movement of exchange rate as a result of shock to GEU is small but increasing at a steady rate. The finding is of great significance to policymakers, investors, and every individual whose economic activity is directly and indirectly influenced by the exchange rate movement. The result will get them informed, save them from risk and reduce their exposure to it.

EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE AT PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA: A CASE STUDY OF RWANDA UTILITIES AND REGULATORY AUTHORITY []


This research was examined the influence of strategic human resources management practices on performance at public institutions in Rwanda, a case of Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Authority. This research achieved the following objectives: To examine the existing strategic human resources management practices in place at Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Authority; To investigate how the strategic human resource management practices are implemented; To scrutinize employee awareness of the strategic human resource management plan and To explore if strategic human resources management practices affect performance at Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Authority. The research also compared two variables which are independents and dependents variables. This study was designed as a case study of Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Authority using the survey method; a case study was described as examining the influence of strategic human resources management practices on performance at public institutions in Rwanda, assuming that the researcher acquired knowledge regarding the subject under review from in-depth exploration of the study. It was a qualitative analysis that involves careful observation of a situation. To describe target population of a study as the point of focus from which a generalization was made regarding the research findings. Thus, a sample size of 60 employees as respondents were considered from total total population of 145 people. I used primary and secondary data to get all information needed in this study, the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics after running the data collected through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. From findings, 10 of respondents with 16.6% are strong agree that the team work as required and expected at Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Authority, 40 of respondents with 66.6% are agree that the team work as required and expected at Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Authority while 10 of respondents with 16.6% are disagree that the team work no required and expected at Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Authority. From the findings 10 of respondents with 16.6% are strongly agree that the company treat employee with respect and honor whenever decision concerns while 50 of respondents with 50 of respondents with 83.3% are agree that the company treat employee with respect and honor whenever decision concerns. 20 of respondents with 33.3% are strong agree that expection team performance better than this while 40 of respondents with 66.6% are agree that expection team performance better than this. Since it is clearly understood from academic research that human resources are a source of sustained competitive advantage, while, traditionally, the costs associated with the development of HR strategy have been regarded as an operating expense, these costs would be better considered as an investment in capital assets. The study findings led to the conclusion that reward management is more important than resourcing practices and training and development in as far as enhancement of public institutions performance was concerned. This study is a justification that human resource management practices significantly affects performance of public institutions. With due regard to the ever increasing desire to have high organizational performance in public institutions there is need to invest in various strategies. This should be done in a manner in which all the stakeholders are happy. Keywords: Strategic human resources management practices, performance public institutions

EFFECT OF PROJECT PLANNING ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE []


The study entitled effect of project planning on project performance; a case of leasing project implemented by BDF in Kigali City” The general objective of this research is to investigate the effect of project planning on performance of project. The study is guided by four specific objectives: To determine the effect of project scope planning on performance of leasing project implemented By BDF in Kigali; to find out the effect of project resource planning on performance of leasing project implemented By BDF in Kigali; to examine the effect of project time planning on performance of leasing project implemented By BDF in Kigali and to assess the effect of project communication plan on performance of leasing project implemented By BDF in Kigali. The study used descriptive and correlational research design. The population of the study was 305 stakeholders of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda while the sample size is 185 stakeholders of project implemented by BDF composed by 33 employees of lease project, 131 Beneficiaries of lease project,19 Project local implementers and 2 employees of Project funders organization. The study used questionnaire and interview guide as research instrument the study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistic such correlation analysis and multiple regression models to analyze quantitative data while and content analysis was used to analysis qualitative data. In regard to specific objective one, the results revealed that project scope planning has significance positive effect on performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda as indicated by β1= 0.094, p=0.040<0.05, t=2.064 which means that an increase one unit in project scope planning would lead to an increase in performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda by 0.094 units. In regard to the second specific objective, the findings revealed that project resource planning has significance positive effect on performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda as indicated by β2= 0.308, p-value=0.000<0.05, t=4.075 which implies that an increase one unit in project resource planning would lead to an increase in performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda by 0.308 units. In regard to the third specific objective, the results revealed that project time planning has significance positive effect on performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda as indicated by β3= 0.175, p=0.003<0.05, t=3.051. The implication is that an increase one unit in project time planning would lead to an increase in performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda by 0.175 units. In regard to the fourth specific objective, the findings revealed that project communication plan has significance positive effect on performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda as indicated by β4=0.243, p-value=0.000<0.05, t=4.573 which means that an increase one unit in project communication plan would lead to an increase in performance of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda by 0.243 units. The study concluded that project planning has been actively involved in the promoting lease project in Rwanda. Therefore, the four independent variables (project communication plan, project time planning, project scope planning and project resource planning) that were studied, explain 51.8% of the performance of lease project as represented by the adjusted R square. Based on the findings, the following recommendations are suggested: There is need for proper channel of resource mobilization for projects and a proper funding schedule to facilitate the completion of lease project implemented by BDF Rwanda. Moreover, it is utmost necessary to have a proper channel of resource mobilization for the projects, stakeholders need to be involved in the entire project resource planning as it helps in making key budget decision and emphasis should be put on Work Break Structure in order to develop a project schedule as it defines all the work that needs to be completed to achieve the goals and objectives of the project.

The implementation challenges of Trade Test under two-tier System of Education in Technical Schools in Zambia []


It has been observed that the School leavers in Zambia at both junior or secondary school cannot do anything other than taking alcohol, drug abuse and indulging into other mischievous activities in the community: Research conducted by National Science Centre (NSC) revealed that 60% school leaver at grade 9 or grade 12 are jobless and have no skill to bank on for survival. In view of the said the Zambian government introduced a policy that would give skills competences to learners to embark on even after school than loam around streets looking for white collar jobs. A qualitative research study on the implementation challenges of the trade test policy was conducted and 13 participants; 1 from top management, 2 teachers and 10 learners responded to the research instrument developed through oral and semi structured interview at Chadiza secondary school which is one among the Technical schools in Zambia. The research considered the constructivist theory and confirmation of data took advantage of the Triangulation technic. In order to interpreter data during analysis the expertise skill using the thematic area was instrumental. The findings focused attention on the thematic areas namely awareness and preparations, pedagogical strategies used in implementation and capacity building of the staff. These thematic areas came from two study objectives that sought to find out how aware implementers were before implementation and what preparations they had put in place including outlining strategies used in the implementation. Hence the study recommended to the country - Zambia to have considered partial policy implementation where by parts or phase would have been considered take for instance two TT courses a in two to three years and the other follow in that manner, the country to develop more teaching and learning materials while on the other had retrain all the unqualified staff where competences are concerned in the system.

Effect of project planning on the Implementation of Green Gicumbi project, Rwanda []


This study’s purpose was to determine the effect of project planning on the implementation of Green Gicumbi Project, Rwanda. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to assess the effect of communication planning on implementation of Green Gicumbi project; to determine the effect of scope planning on implementation of Green Gicumbi project; to examine the effect of resource planning on implementation of Green Gicumbi project; and to investigate the effect of stakeholders’ involvement on implementation of Green Gicumbi project. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs whereby both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. In addition, for the study to realize the accomplishment of the above objectives, a combination of questionnaires, interviews, documentary reviews and other reports were used. The study used a sample size of 441 respondents and these comprised of project’s beneficiaries, partners and staff who were given research forms while the project manager was interviewed. After data collection and with the help of SPSS, the study used correlation analysis and regression analysis to determine the relationships that lie between project planning and project implementation as independent and dependent variables respectively. Firstly, regarding the communication planning, 81.0% of the respondents strongly agreed that the management transmits information about goals, policies and procedures of the Green Gicumbi project. Secondly, as regards to scope planning, 71.4 of the respondents strongly agreed that project management hires human resources that have the required competences in running the Green Gicumbi project. Thirdly, about resource planning, the study results discovered that 66.7% of the respondents agreed that project management of Green Gicumbi project supports decision-makers to review the existing activities so as to justify and detail them during the budgeting process. Lastly, 85.7% of the respondents agreed that the project stakeholders participate in supervision of the project from the beginning. Besides, the ANOVA test discovered that P-value of 0.000 was less than alpha (5%), is the significance level. From the study results, we therefore, reject null hypotheses that indicated no significant relationships between variables. Regarding the coefficients table, it was revealed that holding communication planning, scope planning, resource planning and stakeholder involvement to a constant zero, project implementation would be 1.347. Concerning the issue of unethical behaviors such as fraud and embezzlement, the top management should put in place strong measures to punish the culprits. Regarding the lack of proper internal control processes in, the top management should look into it and be made a culture by the responsible personnel at the district. As regards to untimely deliveries, officials who delay project activities and processes should also be handled individually so as other staff could avoid doing similar mistakes in future.

Investigating Teachers' Views and Perceptions about Oral Communication Apprehension among EFL Sudanese Post-graduate Students []


Abstract This study aims to investigate oral communication apprehension encountered by EFL Sudanese post graduate students. The study took place at Command and Staff College, the College of Military Sciences during the academic year (2022-2023).The study has adopted the descriptive analytical method: the researcher has collected data by using two tools, a diagnostic test for (30) M.A students and a questionnaire for (30)EFL Sudanese university teachers .To analyze the data of the study the researcher has used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The findings of the study revealed that EFL Sudanese post- graduate students encounter some difficulties in oral communication; they find some difficulties in conveying ideas clearly and accurately orally, they experience fear of making mistakes in oral communication as a result of correction and negative evaluation ,they are also hindered by their natural shyness to communicate in English among their peers, moreover, they are unable to express their ideas in English hence they lack linguistic proficiency that would enable them to discuss a certain topic, furthermore, they find it difficult to speak fluently and interact easily . In the light of the findings of the study, the researcher recommends that teachers should be trained to recognize the presence of communication apprehension and provide extra reinforcement for communication. In addition, teachers should motivate their learners, reduce anxiety , stimulate students' self-esteem , maintain good learning environment which includes the teacher's methodology and classroom environment and social context in order to stimulate oral communication skills. Furthermore, EFL learners should be aware about the importance of oral communication for their current and future needs.

ASSESSING THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOFT BEVERAGES PROJECT SUCCESS; CASE OF INYANGE INDUSTRY, (2017-2021) []


Today’s manufacturing organizations manage projects within increasingly complex environments. New product development, outsourcing and policy implementation, in addition to traditional, but vital, system development and implementation, are amongst the current key project initiatives organizations must manage. The general aim of the study is to assess the role of management practices on beverages project success, case of Inyange industry, (2017-2021). The research tested the following hypotheses: HO1: There is no role of procurement Management on soft beverages project success in Inyange industry. This study adopted Value theory; Dynamic capabilities theory and Agency theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. A descriptive research design was used. The sample size of interest in this study is 86 respondents, including staff and managers of the Inyange industry in Rwanda County, selected using simple random sampling technique. The research used questionnaire and documentary to collect the data. The data collected was organized, tabulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and means were used so as to convey the essential characteristics of the data for interpretation in measuring the relationship between variables. Regression analysis revealed a positive relationship (R = 953). The R coefficient of 0.953 indicates that the predictors of the model which is procurement management has a correlation of 95.3% with the dependent variable (Soft beverage project success. The study sought to establish the influence of project management practices on soft beverage project success in Rwanda, Rwanda. On the basis of the findings. regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between project management practices and soft beverage project success thus researcher conclude that the project management practices play a significant role on the performance of Inyange Industry. The researcher recommended that employees from the private industries, like Inyange, should get different workshops about the project management tools and how to use them in order to maximize the benefits that come from it. In case they are trained on the usage of the management practices, this will effectively boost their success at a high rate.

EFFECT OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP ON AGRICULTURAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS, A CASE OF GREEN GICUMBI PROJECT, RWANDA []


This study sought to establish the effect of project management leadership on project implementation process in Rwanda, a case of Green Gicumbi Project, Rwanda. The study was built on the following specific objectives; to find out the effect of project management leadership competency on the project implementation process of Green Gicumbi Project; to assess the effect of project management leadership professionalism on the implementation process of Green Gicumbi Project; and to establish the effect of project management leadership accountability on the implementation process of Green Gicumbi Project. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. In addition, for the study to realize the accomplishment of the above objectives, a combination of questionnaires, interviews, documentary reviews and other reports were used. The study used a sample size of 98 respondents and these included the project management, project partners’ staff and the project’s ordinary staff.. The ANOVA test was carried out and discovered P-value of 0.001 which was less than alpha (5%), the significance level. In conclusion, as presented in coefficients table, the study revealed that there is positive and significant on each component of project management leadership on project implementation of Green Gicumbi Project; and hence all null hypotheses were not accepted. For recommendations, the management was suggested to get strong measures on individuals who delay Green Gicumbi Project projects, watch over embezzlement and fraud, corruption and risk. As regards to stakeholder involvement, the participation in the domain of funds should be increased because the results found that the only source of money in this project is the donor. Key words: Project management leadership, Project implementation, Rwanda