Volume 13, Issue 2, February 2025 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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Human Resource Accounting (HRA) Disclosure Practices of Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study []


The present study investigates 10 private commercial banks’ human resource accounting disclosure practices listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange in Bangladesh. This study was secondary data in nature for 5 years (2019-2023). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, tabulation, graphical representation, correlation of coefficients and multiple regression model. The findings demonstrates that financial institutions’ accounting disclosures for human resources are on medium stage. Shahjalal Islami Bank PLC performs the most HRAD information while NCC Bank PLC discloses the least information. About 10 banks’ financial performance as Return on Assets (ROA) depends on human resource cost as Staff Training Cost (STC). The study has implications for optimal/high standard practices on human resource accounting and valuable insights on HR cost as a main source of financial performance development.

Biblical and theological foundations of effective church leadership:a study of Qualities , Responsibilities and challenges []


ABSTRACT This study explores the biblical and theological foundations of leadership within the church, emphasizing the qualities, characteristics, and responsibilities of effective Christian leaders. Grounded in Scripture, church leadership is presented as a divine calling that prioritizes servanthood, humility, and spiritual maturity. The research highlights key biblical principles, including Christ’s model of servant leadership, the empowerment of the Holy Spirit, and the communal leadership structure of the early church. Theologically, leadership is framed through the lens of the Trinity, Christocentric service, and the eschatological mission of preparing the church for Christ’s return. Practical implications for leadership development include mentorship, theological education, and hands-on ministry training. The study concludes by addressing challenges such as burnout and conflict management, advocating for holistic approaches to sustain effective leadership. This analysis underscores the necessity for church leaders to reflect Christ’s character and equips churches to develop leaders capable of advancing God’s redemptive mission in a complex and dynamic world.

Global power is shifting. What it is opportunity is in the same time risque, which is the conservation and the keeping of the natural equiliber in front of the general progress. []


Global power dynamics are shifting, bringing both opportunities and risks, particularly in resource management, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. While technological advancements and industrial expansion contribute to economic progress, they also threaten ecological balance. A key concern is the extraction of marine resources, which, despite economic benefits, leads to biodiversity loss and pollution. Additionally, the transition to renewable energy, including electric shipping and hydroelectric power, presents challenges in implementation and global cooperation. Sustainable policies, stricter regulations, and investment in green technology are crucial to balancing progress with environmental responsibility. The future depends on making informed, responsible decisions that prioritize both economic development and ecological preservation.

Human Consciousness and Reality: Relationship between the mind and reality in the process of knowledge. []


In the process of awareness, human consciousness and reality are intimately related. This is due to the fact that awareness is always focused on the reality that stimulates it. In its broadest definition, "reality" refers to all that exists, regardless of whether it can be seen, understood, or accessed by science, philosophy, theology, or any other analytical framework. When it comes to the subject of reality, philosophy as a whole tackles two crucial facets: the nature or composition of reality itself and the relationship between human awareness and this reality through language and culture. The link between the mind and reality throughout the process of acquiring information is discussed in this study.

Land Use Regulations in Nigeria: Transferring Lessons from Developed Economies []


ABSTRACT This paper examines land use regulations in Nigeria, highlighting the critical challenges faced and the potential lessons that can be transferred from developed economies. Land use regulations means all ordinances, resolutions and codes adopted by a given geographical entity (federal, state or local governments) on the use of land. The study adopt a survey research design using secondary data from existing literature. The study begins by examining relevant theories of land use and regulations and explaining international best practices from the United States, United Kingdom and Australia where land use practices are similar to obtainable laws in Nigeria. Furthermore, it delved into land use regulations in Nigeria and the key elements of successful land regulation programs in developed economies. This includes analyzing the legal and regulatory framework, as well as the institutional and administrative structure. It then looks at the different types of land tenure systems, such as the public and private land regimes with citation of deficiency in the laws. The study then assesses the implications of transferring international best practices to the Nigerian system. This includes the potential benefits of applying the regulations, as well as the challenges that would arise from such an exercise. Lastly, the study proposes possible strategies for implementing better land regulations in Nigeria, which includes strengthen urban planning frameworks, enhance land tenure security and leverage technology, integrate environmental policies and encourage public participation. By analyzing the theoretical and practical frameworks of land use in developed nations, stakeholders can improve land use in Nigeria especially in billboard valuation for local taxation, since it is a real property (FGN, 2004; George & Ajuruku, 2022), however, absented as one.

EFFECT OF SILENCER WEIGHT ON NOISE REDUCTION IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINES []


Effects of the weight function on noise reduction in automobile engines is studied using (2+1) dimensional partial differential wave equation with damping function.The study establishes a design framework for the development and analysis of an active noise control system which can be applied to any vibrio-acoustic system mathematically, the acoustic pressure (unwanted noise) will be modelled by the wave equation defined on a two- dimensional domain (acoustic chamber). The acoustic and structural systems model equation derived is solved using finite difference method with a forward in time central in space (FTCS) numericalscheme. The effect of silencer weight on noise reduction from automobiles was then investigated.

Facies Analysis of Cretaceous to Quaternary Sediments of Bornu Basin, Northeastern Nigeria []


), which falls between latitudes 10o 52I 30II to 11o 15I N and longitudes 11o 37II 30II to 12o E. A detailed geological mapping coupled with sample collection was carried out within the study area. Geological map was produced distinguishing different lithological units on the basis of their field elationship using various geological parameters. Detailed facies analysis carried out in the study area from field relationships showed four facies groups, which are: 1) gravel facies, consisting of the following sub- facies units, i) clast- supported conglomerates (Gcs), ii) clast- supported conglomerates grading into sandstones (Ggs), 2) sandstone facies (S) which consists of i) massive sandstones, (Ss) ii) cross- bedded sandstones (Sx), iii) normally- graded sandstones (Sng) and inversely- graded sandstones (Sig), 3) mudstone facies (M) which consists of i) silt- clay streaked layers (Msm) and ii) massive mudstone (Mm), and lastly 4) carbonate facies (C) which consists of i) carbonate- rich layers.

Evaluation of effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Warburgia ugandensis on testicular parameters in Wistar rats. []


Warburgia ugandensis on the histological structure of the testis, serum testosterone levels in Wistar rats, and organ weight. Methodology: This is an experimental study. Shade-dried Warburgia ugandensis stem bark was pounded and aqueous extracts were prepared using water. Adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=5) and kept in separate cages. The rats from group A were orally dosed daily with water 0.00 mg/Kg body weight as Warburgia ugandensis (normal control), and groups B, C, D were administered with the extracts at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight respectively of extract. Group E rats received the standard drug sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg bwt). Serum testosterone levels, organ weights, and histological structure of the testes were determined after the last treatment. Data analysis: Data on body weight, testes and epididymis weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, lumen size, and serum testosterone hormone levels were obtained and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2010, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Significant increases in the weight of testes (at medium and high doses) but not in the epididymis (not significant at all doses) were observed; there was also a mild gain in seminiferous tubule diameter and coupled decrease in lumen size (at all doses), increased thickness of epithelial lining (at medium and high doses), higher score for lumen formation (at the high dose), and rats treated with 150 mg/kg of W. Ugandensis had a significant increase in serum testosterone levels (P<0.05) when compared with both negative and positive controls. Histological examination of the testes revealed an increase in spermatogenesis and Leydig cell proliferation at a high dose (150 mg/kg body weight of the extract). There was a dose-dependent increase in sperm count from a lower dose of 50 mg/kg to a higher dose of 150 mg/kg (P˂0.05. Discussion and Conclusion: This study demonstrated the androgenic effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Warburgia ugandensis, that is, increased spermatogenesis and Leydig cell proliferation. These effects may be explained by an increase in the serum testosterone levels. The results of this study indicate that the Warburgia ugandensis extract possesses pro-fertility properties in male rats which may be a product of its androgenic activity.

ROLE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS IN RWANDA: A CASE OF THE WATER AND SANITATION CORPORATION/WASAC GROUP LTD, CITY OF KIGALI. []


This study addresses the problem of ineffective corporate governance within public sector organizations, specifically examining the performance of the Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC) in Rwanda. The research aims to analyze how governance frameworks can enhance service delivery in essential sectors. A total population of 800 was sampled using a sample size of 144, determined through the Morgan table, employing stratified sampling techniques. The research design adopted a mixed-method approach, gathering qualitative and quantitative data through interviews with managers, supervisors, and employees to understand governance practices and their impacts. The key governance aspects explored include board composition, transparency, risk management, ethical standards, and strategic planning. Findings reveal that a diverse board positively affects decision-making and public trust, while effective risk management is crucial for maintaining service quality in resource-limited settings. The study concludes that enhancing governance frameworks can lead to greater efficiency, accountability, and public satisfaction for WASAC and similar organizations. It recommends actionable strategies for improving corporate governance across public sector entities in Rwanda, emphasizing the role of effective governance in fostering public trust, economic development, and sustainable growth. The insights gained are valuable for policymakers and organizational leaders aiming to reform public governance to improve service delivery and societal welfare. Key Words: Corporate Governance, Customer Satisfaction, Effective Service Delivery, Performance, Public Sector Organizations, Stakeholder, Shareholder, Transparency/Disclosure,

WEB PORTAL WITH GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-POWERED CHATBOT FOR AEMILIANUM COLLEGE INC. []


This study, titled Web Portal with Generative Artificial Intelligence-Powered Chatbot for Aemilianum College Inc., aimed to enhance user interaction and information accessibility for Aemilianum College Inc. (ACI) through the development of an integrated web portal with a Generative AI-powered chatbot. The project followed the Agile Development Methodology, focusing on iterative development, collaboration, and flexibility. The scope of the project involved the creation of various modules, including the Admin Module for managing user accounts and content, the Staff/Teacher Module for profile management and content contribution, the Student Module for access to student-specific content and chatbot interactions, and the Guest Module for accessing public information. A core feature of the portal was the Generative AI-Powered Chatbot, designed to handle inquiries related to ACI, admissions, academic departments, and more, while continuously updating its knowledge base. The system's performance was evaluated using ISO 25010 standards, assessing aspects like functional suitability, performance efficiency, and security. The study included a user evaluation with ten IT professionals and ten end-users to assess usability and functionality. The project's delimitation excluded advanced integrations beyond ACI's core functions and offline capabilities, focusing on text-based content and excluding non-essential content. The project successfully implemented a front-facing web portal module that featured a dynamic homepage, content carousel, and integrated chatbot for inquiry handling, while ensuring accessibility to institutional information, academic details, and downloadable resources. Additionally, the project developed a comprehensive Administrative Management Module, which streamlined user management, content administration, and system configuration. The Staff/Teacher Management Module ensured secure profile management and content contribution tracking, while the Student Management Module offered secure profile handling and chatbot interaction. The integration of the Generative AI-Powered Chatbot with multi-language support, advanced knowledge base management, and contextual response capabilities enhanced user experience and interaction. Furthermore, the Notification Module managed various notification types, ensuring effective communication across different system users. Evaluation of the system using ISO 25010 standards indicated exceptional performance, with an overall average rating of 4.18, reflecting high standards in usability, portability, and security. The study concluded that the developed system effectively addressed the needs of Aemilianum College Inc. (ACI) by offering a comprehensive platform with robust modules, ensuring seamless user interaction across different stakeholders. The front-facing web portal, featuring dynamic content and a generative AI-powered chatbot, significantly enhanced accessibility and communication, while improving administrative efficiency. The system’s performance in managing user accounts, content, and real-time notifications contributed to streamlined operations. The chatbot, powered by multi-language AI models, ensured contextual and accurate responses, further enhancing user assistance. Overall, the system successfully integrated advanced features, fostering a more efficient, user-friendly, and responsive environment for both institutional management and user engagement. The recommendations derived from this study focused on enhancing the system’s functionality and user engagement while ensuring its long-term success and adaptability. Continuously updating the content and chatbot knowledge base was deemed crucial to maintaining its relevance and improving user interaction, especially as user needs evolved. Integrating advanced reporting and analytics features would have optimized administrative processes, enabling more informed decision-making and fostering operational efficiency. To support the evolving needs of faculty and staff, the system was recommended to include collaboration tools that enhanced workflow and facilitated content creation. Additionally, offering more personalized features for students could have greatly enhanced their experience, allowing for tailored interactions with the portal. Regular updates to the chatbot’s natural language processing were recommended to help maintain its accuracy and contextual understanding, ensuring high-quality user assistance. Expanding the notification system to allow greater user customization could have further engaged users, providing them with a more personalized and relevant experience. Regular system audits and user feedback surveys were suggested to ensure continued high performance, identify areas for improvement, and optimize user satisfaction. Finally, implementing a comprehensive user training program was recommended to ensure that stakeholders could effectively utilize all system features, ensuring sustained success and seamless operations over time. Keywords. Aemilianum College Inc., Generative Artificial Intelligence, Inquiry Chatbot, Web Portal

INTERNET OF THINGS-BASED AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY - CONSUMING DEVICES AT THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS INSTITUTE []


The study focused on designing and developing an Internet of Things-Based Automated System for the Management of Energy-Consuming Devices (IOT-BASMECD) at the Computer Systems Institute, Inc. in Legazpi City. The general objective was to create an innovative system that utilizes IoT technology to enhance the management of devices that consume significant amounts of energy. Specifically, the study aimed to develop a system with capabilities for real-time monitoring, control of energy-consuming devices to optimize usage, and an overall reduction in energy consumption. The integrated application was designed to provide users with a metering system for tracking energy data and a remote control feature for managing electronic devices, ensuring efficient energy usage and minimizing wastage. Furthermore, the study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the IoT-based monitoring and control system by analyzing energy consumption patterns before and after its implementation, assessing the level of energy savings achieved. To ensure the quality and performance of the developed system, an assessment was conducted using the ISO 25010 industry standard model, focusing on key characteristics such as Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, Usability, and Reliability. The findings from these evaluations provided valuable insights into the system's capabilities, contributing to the goal of improving energy efficiency and sustainability at the institution. During the development and after testing and evaluation of the developed system, the following findings have been established: The study successfully developed an IoT-based automated system that provides real-time monitoring, effectively controls energy-consuming devices to optimize usage, and significantly reduces overall energy consumption. An integrated application was designed that allows users to track energy consumption data via a metering system and enables remote control of electronic devices to ensure efficient energy use and minimize unnecessary wastage. The effectiveness of the IoT-based monitoring and control system was evaluated by analyzing energy consumption patterns before and after implementation at the Computer Systems Institute, Inc., and assessing the significant energy savings achieved. The assessment of the developed system using the ISO 25010 industry standard model shows that it consistently exceeds expectations in functional suitability (3.5), performance efficiency (3.8), usability (4.88), and reliability (3.77), with high ratings from both IT experts and end-users, resulting in an overall average rating of 4.0. Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were formulated: The IoT-based monitoring and control system successfully optimized energy consumption at the Computer Systems Institute, Inc., demonstrating a noticeable reduction in overall energy use through real-time monitoring and remote device management. The integrated application effectively enabled users to track energy consumption and remotely control electronic devices, ensuring efficient energy use and minimizing unnecessary wastage. The evaluation of the IoT-based monitoring and control system confirmed its effectiveness in significantly reducing energy consumption at the Computer Systems Institute, Inc. Furthermore, the developed IoT-based automated system successfully meets and exceeds expectations in key areas such as functional suitability, performance efficiency, usability, and reliability, highlighting its effectiveness in managing energy-consuming devices and optimizing energy consumption. Based on the conclusions drawn from this study, the following recommendations were formulated: The IoT-based monitoring and control system may be expanded to other departments or campuses to maximize energy savings across the entire organization. The integrated application should be enhanced with additional features, such as predictive analytics and personalized energy-saving tips, to further improve user engagement and energy optimization. Regular monitoring and updates are essential to maintain the system’s effectiveness and integrate new energy-saving technologies for greater impact on energy consumption reduction. The IoT-based energy management system can also be expanded to other buildings or facilities within the Computer Systems Institute, Inc., or similar institutions, enabling broader energy savings across the organization. Users are encouraged to implement the system to optimize energy usage, improve performance efficiency, and enhance overall system reliability. Future scalability should be planned to accommodate additional devices, sensors, or energy sources without compromising performance, ensuring that the system can adapt to growing energy demands. Further evaluation of the system's data is recommended to refine its performance and impact. Keywords. Aemilianum College Inc., Automated Energy Management, Automation in Power Management, Cloud-Based Energy, System, Energy Optimization Algorithms, Energy-Consuming, Devices, Internet of Things (IoT), IoT in Energy Management, IoT-Based System, Power Consumption Monitoring, Real-Time Energy Monitoring, Remote Device Control, Sensor-Based Energy Monitoring, Wireless Energy Control

AUTOMATED CLASS SCHEDULING SYSTEM FOR AEMILIANUM COLLEGE INC. []


During the development, testing, and evaluation of the Automated Class Scheduling System, several key findings were established. The system effectively managed faculty loadings, class programs, faculty schedules, and room utilization, streamlining the scheduling process and ensuring optimal resource allocation. The Admin Module played a crucial role in managing user roles, class scheduling configurations, and system settings, allowing administrators to oversee user management, maintain departmental schedules, and customize scheduling criteria to meet the institution's needs. Additionally, the integration of report generation within the system successfully provided comprehensive summaries of teaching loads, class programs, faculty schedules, and room utilization, thereby facilitating data-driven decision-making and efficient resource management. The system was evaluated against the ISO 25010 industry standards and was found to meet the expected levels in functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. It achieved a 3.17 overall mean from the evaluators, indicating that it met expectations across all quality attributes. Based on these findings, several conclusions were formulated. The Automated Class Scheduling System was successful in managing faculty loadings, class programs, faculty schedules, and room utilization, optimizing the scheduling process and resource allocation. The Admin Module was effective in handling user management, class scheduling configurations, and system settings, ensuring that administrators could easily maintain schedules and customize the system to fit institutional requirements. The report generation feature proved to be an essential tool for providing insights into teaching loads, faculty schedules, and room utilization, aiding in data-driven decision-making and resource management. Furthermore, the system met ISO 25010 industry standards in terms of various quality attributes, with an overall mean of 3.17, which reflected that it met evaluators’ expectations across all areas. From the conclusions, several recommendations were made. The Automated Class Scheduling System effectively streamlined the management of faculty loadings, class programs, faculty schedules, and room utilization, ensuring efficient resource allocation. The Admin Module provided administrators with an effective tool for managing user roles, class scheduling, and system settings, allowing the system to align with institutional requirements. The report generation feature continued to provide valuable insights that supported effective decision-making. The system's successful adherence to ISO 25010 standards across various quality attributes, with a 3.17 overall mean, demonstrated that it met evaluators’ expectations. Additionally, the seamless integration of all features and functionalities in the system highlighted its overall effectiveness in improving the class scheduling process and enhancing operational efficiency. Keywords. Academic Timetabling, Algorithmic Scheduling, Automated Scheduling, Class Timetabling, College Scheduling System, Faculty Scheduling, Schedule Optimization

LYING-IN CLINIC INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR BUHI MUNICIPALITY []


This study specifically aimed to develop an Enhanced Patient Care System by ensuring that all patient records are comprehensive and up-to-date. Key features of the system include storing detailed patient profiles, medical histories, test results, current medications, and treatment plans, while providing real-time updates to maintain accuracy and accessibility. Additionally, the system seeks to optimize workflow efficiency by automating critical tasks such as appointment scheduling and patient documentation, streamlining operations and reducing administrative burdens. The study also focused on improving inventory management by implementing real-time tracking to ensure the availability of necessary supplies while avoiding stockouts or overstock situations. Automated alerts for low stock levels or approaching expiration dates were included to facilitate timely reordering and avoid disruptions. Furthermore, the system incorporates support for clinical decision-making through decision-support tools that leverage patient data and evidence-based guidelines for accurate and timely treatment decisions. Predictive analytics were also utilized to anticipate patient needs, identify potential complications, and optimize resource allocation using historical data and trends. Lastly, the system was evaluated based on ISO 25010 standards, assessing key quality characteristics such as functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability, ensuring that the system meets high standards of quality and user satisfaction. During the development and after testing and evaluation of the developed system, the following findings have been established: The study successfully developed an Enhanced Patient Care System that integrates comprehensive patient records, including patient profiles, medical histories, test results, current medications, and treatment plans, while ensuring real-time updates for accuracy and accessibility. It effectively integrated optimized workflow efficiency by automating tasks such as appointment scheduling and patient documentation, streamlining operations and reducing manual administrative work. The inventory management system was enhanced by implementing real-time tracking to ensure the availability of necessary supplies and setting automated alerts for low stock levels or approaching expiration dates, preventing shortages and enabling timely reordering. Additionally, the study developed a system that supports clinical decision-making by providing decision support tools that utilize patient data and evidence-based guidelines for accurate treatment decisions, while using predictive analytics to anticipate patient needs, identify potential complications, and optimize resource allocation. Finally, the system was evaluated using ISO 25010 standards, confirming that it meets expectations in terms of functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were formulated: The study successfully developed an Enhanced Patient Care System that integrates comprehensive patient records with real-time updates, ensuring accurate and accessible information for improved healthcare delivery. The system effectively enhanced workflow efficiency by automating tasks like appointment scheduling and patient documentation, leading to streamlined operations and reduced manual administrative work. Additionally, the system improved the inventory management system by incorporating real-time tracking and automated alerts, ensuring the availability of supplies and preventing shortages through timely reordering. The developed system also enhances clinical decision-making by utilizing decision support tools and predictive analytics to improve treatment accuracy, anticipate patient needs, and optimize resource allocation. Finally, the system was evaluated using ISO 25010 standards, confirming that it meets expectations across all key quality characteristics, including functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability, with an overall rating of 3.61, indicating that the developed system meets expectations. Based on the conclusions drawn from this study, the following recommendations were formulated: First, it is essential to continually update and maintain the Enhanced Patient Care System while exploring further integration with other healthcare systems to enhance data sharing and interoperability. Additionally, expanding the automation features by incorporating additional tasks and processes can further maximize workflow efficiency and reduce administrative burden. Continuous monitoring of inventory trends and refining the real-time tracking and automated alert system will optimize supply levels and enhance the efficiency of reordering processes. The decision support tools and predictive analytics should be further refined to incorporate more diverse data sources, improving treatment accuracy and enhancing the system’s ability to anticipate patient needs. Regular evaluations based on ISO 25010 standards should be conducted to ensure the system continues to meet expectations and identify potential improvements in functionality, performance, and other key quality characteristics. Lastly, gathering continuous feedback from end-users and stakeholders will help identify operational challenges or areas for enhancement, ensuring the system evolves to meet changing healthcare needs and technological advancements. Keywords. Aemilianum College Inc., Appointment Scheduling, Automation in Clinics, Buhi Municipality, Clinic Management, Electronic Medical Records (EMR), Health Information System, Health Monitoring, Information Management System, Local Government Health Services, Lying-in Clinic, Patient Records System.

ONLINE SCHOLARSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES []


The study specifically aimed to design and develop an Online Scholarship Management System for Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, focusing on two primary modules: the Admin Management and User Management systems. The Admin Management module allows the administrator to perform critical functions such as importing comma-separated values (CSV) files into the database, importing scholarship data, processing applications, notifying applicants about the status of their applications, processing certification requests, notifying applicants about the release of certifications, printing and releasing certifications, and generating reports. The User Management module, on the other hand, enables users to log in, perform applications, edit their profiles, check the status of their applications, and request certifications. Furthermore, the system was evaluated based on ISO 25010 industry standards, covering eight quality characteristics: functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. After the development, testing, and evaluation phases, the study established several key findings. The Online Scholarship Management System effectively provided an Admin Management module, enabling administrators to efficiently handle essential tasks such as importing CSV files, managing scholarship data, processing applications, notifying applicants, handling certification requests, printing, releasing certifications, and generating comprehensive reports. Additionally, the system integrated a User Management module that allowed users to log in, perform applications, edit their profiles, check the status of their applications, and request certifications with ease. Evaluated against ISO 25010 industry standards, the system achieved a general rating of 3.93, demonstrating its reliability, efficiency, and user-friendliness. It met user expectations and industry benchmarks, excelling in functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability, effectively streamlining the scholarship management process. This study highlight the success of the Online Scholarship Management System in meeting its objectives. The system effectively streamlined administrative tasks by providing an efficient Admin Management module that facilitated the management of scholarship data, applications, certifications, and reporting processes. Additionally, it included a robust User Management module, enabling users to seamlessly perform functions such as logging in, managing applications, editing profiles, checking application statuses, and requesting certifications. Evaluated against ISO 25010 standards, the system achieved a high general rating of 3.93, demonstrating its reliability, efficiency, and user-friendliness. Overall, the system met user expectations and industry benchmarks, showcasing its capacity to manage scholarship processes effectively. This study emphasized the practical implementation and future development of the Online Scholarship Management System. First, it is recommended to deploy and integrate the system into the institution's operations to streamline administrative workflows and improve scholarship management processes. To enhance user experience, continuous training and technical support should be provided to users, ensuring they maximize the potential of the User Management module and facilitate a smooth application process. Lastly, maintaining the system's adherence to ISO 25010 standards is crucial to ensure its reliability, adaptability, and continued alignment with user expectations and the evolving needs of the institution. Keywords. Aemilianum College Inc., Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Educational Funding, Financial Assistance Platform, Higher Education Support, Scholarship Administration, Scholarship Application Portal, Scholarship Tracking System, and Student Financial Aid.

HUMAN RESOURCE DIGITAL RECORD SYSTEM FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SORSOGON PROVINCE []


This study focused on the development of the Human Resource Digital Record System for the Department of Education, Sorsogon Province, using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology. The system integrated division and school modules to streamline human resource processes, offering functionalities such as job posting, applicant tracking, mailbox communication, and resume management. The Applicant module allowed users to manage profiles, track applications, and communicate through chat and mailbox features, while the Admin module facilitated job portal management, applicant status control, and statistical monitoring. The system was evaluated using the ISO 25010 software quality model, ensuring adherence to software quality standards. The findings revealed that the Human Resource Digital Record System significantly improved human resource operations within the Department of Education, Sorsogon Province. The Applicant module enhanced user experience by allowing seamless job application management, while the Admin module optimized system control and monitoring. The evaluation results, with an overall rating of 3.76, indicated high functional suitability, performance efficiency, usability, reliability, compatibility, security, maintainability, and portability, proving the system's effectiveness. Based on the findings, the study concluded that the developed system effectively streamlined human resource processes, enhanced applicant engagement, and ensured efficient administrative management. The system’s adherence to software quality standards validated its reliability and applicability for its intended users. It was recommended that the Department of Education, Sorsogon Province, continuously monitor and update the system to maintain its effectiveness. Regular reviews of the Applicant and Admin modules were advised to enhance user experience and operational efficiency. Further research should explore the scalability of the system to accommodate other departments or regions, ensuring long-term usability and broader implementation. Keywords. Aemilianum College Inc., Department of Education HR System, Digital Record, Management, Education Management, Employee Performance Tracking, HR Digital Transformation, Human Resource Information System (HRIS), School Division Digital Recordkeeping, Sorsogon Province Educational HR

E-BASA: A READING APPLICATION USING MACHINE LEARNING []


Reading proficiency is a fundamental skill that significantly influences academic success and lifelong learning. This study aimed to design and develop E-BASA, a reading application utilizing machine learning to enhance reading engagement, motivation, and proficiency among developing readers. The application was designed with core functionalities, including machine learning for personalized learning, audio-visual aids for engagement, and progress tracking for performance monitoring. Additionally, it incorporated age-appropriate and culturally relevant content, such as phonics, syllabication, and basic reading exercises, to cater to various literacy levels. Other key features included audio guides for pronunciation accuracy, visual aids for enhanced comprehension, and user authentication for personalized progress tracking. The system was rigorously evaluated using the ISO 25010 industry standards to ensure high functional suitability, efficiency, usability, security, and reliability. Findings from the system’s development, testing, and evaluation demonstrated the successful integration of machine learning, audio-visual aids, and progress tracking, making E-BASA an effective tool for adaptive learning. The application’s age-appropriate and culturally relevant content was well-received, supporting literacy development across different reading levels. The inclusion of audio guides significantly improved pronunciation and fluency, while visual aids enhanced user engagement and comprehension. The system’s authentication features enabled secure tracking of individual performance, ensuring a personalized learning experience. Based on ISO 25010 standards, E-BASA achieved an overall rating of 4.42, indicating that the system is “Highly Applicable” in terms of functionality, efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. The study concluded that E-BASA effectively delivers an engaging and adaptive reading experience by incorporating machine learning, multimedia resources, and structured literacy content. Its ability to provide personalized reading support and track learner progress highlights its potential as a valuable educational tool. The successful adherence to ISO 25010 standards confirms the system's reliability, efficiency, and usability, making it a highly suitable platform for enhancing reading literacy among developing readers. To further improve E-BASA, future research should focus on enhancing machine learning algorithms for deeper personalization, updating content to align with evolving literacy standards, and expanding the app’s compatibility across multiple platforms. Additional features such as gamification, interactive storytelling, and multi-factor authentication could further enrich the learning experience. Regular system evaluations and updates based on user feedback should be conducted to ensure continued efficiency and relevance in literacy education. Keywords. Aemilianum College Inc. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education, Automated Reading Assessment, Data Analysis in Education, Digital Learning Tools, E-Basa, Educational Technology, Interactive Reading Platform, Language Learning Application, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Personalized Learning, Reading Application, Reading Proficiency, Speech Recognition, Student Engagement, Text-to-Speech Technology

AEMILIANUM COLLEGE INC. MOCK BOARD EXAM SYSTEM FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING []


The study specifically aimed to develop a comprehensive Mock Board Exam System for Aemilianum College Inc., equipped with various functionalities to enhance exam readiness among Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering (BSECE) students. The system’s primary goal was to allow students to take simulated exams individually or simultaneously within a computer laboratory using a Local Area Network (LAN) on desktop computers. A feature was also included to create individual profiles for each student, enabling tracking of progress and exam history. The system focused on a single type of exam—Multiple Choice—where students would select the correct answer from provided options. Additionally, the exam system offers flexible options for students to select an exam category, such as General Engineering and Applied Sciences (GEAS), Mathematics, Electronics, or Communications. Furthermore, the system provides two exam modes: Practice Review Mode, which allows students to revisit unanswered questions before final submission, and Final Exam Mode, which operates on a timed basis with a visible timer displayed on the dashboard. A built-in scientific calculator is also integrated to assist students during exams. To support detailed evaluation and feedback, the system includes a print results function, allowing students to print their results in either review mode, where correct answers are indicated only by letter, or final mode, where they receive a comprehensive summary of results. The database component is robustly designed to support input of questions that may include diagrams, symbols, figures, and formulas, with a verification feature to check for duplicate questions. A category-based scoring system is implemented to offer a percentage breakdown across subject categories, summing to a total score of 100%, while a randomization system ensures that questions are shuffled with each new exam attempt to maintain fairness. The system will be evaluated against ISO 25010 standards, which address functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. This structured evaluation process ensures that the system meets the essential criteria for quality and reliability, providing a secure and effective tool for exam preparation. During the development and after testing and evaluation of the Mock Board Exam System for Aemilianum College Inc., several key findings were established. The study revealed that the system successfully incorporates a comprehensive exam platform that allows BSECE students to take individual or simultaneous multiple-choice exams in a computer laboratory setup, with individual profiles to track progress and performance. The system offers flexible exam options, enabling students to choose from specific categories such as General Engineering, Mathematics, Electronics, and Communications, while also providing modes like Practice Review and Final Exam, complemented by a built-in scientific calculator to enhance the exam experience. Additionally, the system includes a print exam results feature, allowing results in Review Mode to display scores and correct answers, while in Final Exam Mode, results can be printed individually or as an overall summary. It also facilitates a database input feature for adding questions, including those with diagrams, symbols, figures, and formulas, while checking for duplicates to maintain database integrity. The scoring system is category-based, providing percentage breakdowns across four subject categories, with the total score equaling 100%. To ensure variability, the system incorporates a question randomization feature, shuffling questions each time a new exam is generated. Lastly, the system, evaluated using ISO 25010, consistently meets expectations across all eight characteristics -functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability - with notable strengths in usability, security, and portability, rated as "more than expected." The system achieved an overall weighted mean rating of 3.76, interpreted as "meets expectation," while highlighting areas for improvement in modifiability, performance efficiency, and compatibility to further enhance its adaptability and efficiency. Based on the findings of this study, several conclusions were formulated. The Mock Board Exam System for Aemilianum College Inc. provides a robust and efficient platform for BSECE students, allowing them to take personalized or simultaneous multiple-choice exams while tracking their progress through individual profiles. The system offers flexible exam options tailored to various subject areas and modes of assessment, empowering students to customize their review experience with tools such as a built-in scientific calculator for comprehensive exam preparation. It features a print exam results function, enabling students to generate detailed results in Review Mode with scores and correct answers and in Final Exam Mode with individual or overall summary results for thorough assessments. Additionally, the system facilitates seamless database management with a feature for adding questions, including those with diagrams, symbols, figures, and formulas, while preventing duplicate entries. It also employs a category-based scoring system, providing percentage breakdowns across four subject categories for a total score of 100%. A question randomization feature ensures that questions are shuffled with each new exam, enhancing variability and test integrity. Finally, the system demonstrates overall effectiveness and reliability by meeting expectations across all ISO 25010 characteristics, with notable strengths in usability, security, and portability, while identifying areas for improvement to optimize performance and adaptability further. Based on the conclusions drawn from this study, several recommendations were formulated to further enhance the Mock Board Exam System for Aemilianum College Inc. Regular updates and maintenance are essential to ensure the system's reliability and relevance, while integrating features like performance analytics, feedback mechanisms, and personalized study suggestions could improve the exam preparation process for BSECE students. Enhancing the system’s flexibility through customizable exam settings, such as difficulty levels or timed sessions, and expanding tools like formula sheets or quick-reference guides could better support diverse learning needs. The print exam results feature could be improved by incorporating performance trends, topic-specific feedback, and digital sharing options like PDF export or email distribution for easier access. Advanced database input capabilities, such as tagging questions by topic or difficulty, bulk upload options, and improved duplication detection algorithms, would enhance database quality and efficiency. The category-based scoring system could include detailed performance analytics and visual feedback, such as charts or graphs, to provide clearer insights into strengths and weaknesses. Adaptive randomization of questions and answers could be implemented to ensure balanced exams and strengthen test integrity. Additionally, improving modifiability, performance efficiency, and compatibility would optimize the system's adaptability and integration with other platforms. Future researchers are encouraged to explore the use of artificial intelligence for personalizing exam content and incorporating multimedia elements, such as interactive diagrams and simulations, to further enrich the learning and exam experience. Keywords: Aemilianum College Inc., Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering (BSECE), Category-based Scoring System, Educational Assessment Technology, LAN-based Exam System, Mock Board Exam System, Student Exam Preparation Tools

E-SCHOOL FORMS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR BARTOLOME G. LEE SR. INTEGRATED SCHOOL []


The development of the E-School Forms Management System for Bartolome G. Lee Sr. Integrated School aimed to enhance the efficiency and security of managing school records, user accounts, and academic data. Utilizing the Agile Development Methodology, the system was developed through iterative phases of planning, requirements analysis, design, testing, and deployment, ensuring continuous improvements based on user feedback. The system integrated essential modules, including User Management, School Administrator Management, Classroom Teacher Management, Report Generation, Learner’s Management, and Grading System, to streamline administrative and academic processes within the institution. The deployment followed strict quality standards to ensure that the system was functional, user-friendly, and reliable for real-world implementation. The findings revealed that the system effectively met its objectives, providing secure user access, efficient personnel and learner management, and automated report generation. The School Administrator Management Module facilitated the efficient handling of personnel data and report generation, while the Classroom Teacher Management Module improved organization by allowing easy management of learner information, learning areas, and subject teachers. The Report Generation Module ensured streamlined documentation of essential school reports, contributing to improved record-keeping for both academic and administrative functions. Additionally, the Grading System Module automated the computation of student grades, ensuring accuracy and efficiency in academic record management. The system was evaluated using ISO 25010 industry standards, receiving an overall rating of 4.0, which means "far more than what is expected," confirming its efficiency, reliability, and security. Based on these findings, the study concluded that the E-School Forms Management System significantly enhanced administrative and academic operations at Bartolome G. Lee Sr. Integrated School by improving data management, report generation, and user accessibility. The system's modules provided a seamless and effective way to manage student records, personnel profiles, and academic reports, ensuring a well-organized and efficient school information system. Furthermore, the high evaluation rating validated its ability to meet industry standards, proving its functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, and security. To maximize the system’s effectiveness, it is recommended that regular updates and enhancements be implemented to adapt to the evolving needs of users. School administrators should undergo continuous training to fully utilize the School Administrator Management Module, and additional features like automated alerts and predictive analytics should be integrated to further improve classroom organization and student monitoring. Customization of the Report Generation Module should be expanded to allow flexibility in data reporting, while the Grading System Module should be periodically reviewed to align with updated grading policies. Additionally, regular system evaluations and user feedback mechanisms should be established to ensure continuous improvement, maintaining the system’s high standard of functionality, security, and user satisfaction. Keywords. Aemilianum College Inc., Automated Forms Processing, Bartolome G. Lee Sr. Integrated School, Digital School Records, E-Documentation, Educational Information System, E-School Forms, Forms Management System, Integrated School, School Administrative System, School Data Management

Smart Vision System for PCB Fault Detection and Component Recognition in Small-Scale Industries []


The role of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) worldwide is significant, as they serve as the backbone of electronic devices, facilitating connectivity and functionality across a wide range of industries. However, materials are usually wasted due to orientation, size and layout constraints during PCB manufacturing. Small-scale PCB manufacturing industries require efficient, cost-effective diagnostic systems to improve the quality of the production. This research aims to design and develop an automated PCB component and fault identifier for the PCB manufacturing industry. By leveraging the capabilities of image processing and deep learning techniques, the system can be detected faults in PCBs and identify faulty components using thermal imaging and object recognition. The developed system automates the traditionally manual process of inspecting PCBs, reducing human error and improving operational efficiency. In addition to fault detection, the system is capable of isolating and replacing critical components like capacitor, resistor, diodes. further streamlining PCB maintenance. Additionally, a web-based platform is introduced to display the results of the analysis in real-time, providing users with detailed information on each component's status. The results of this project demonstrate the feasibility of creating a low-cost, high-accuracy PCB diagnostic tool that can be adapted to various PCB designs, making it a valuable asset for small-scale industries.

Industrial Disputes, Collective Bargaining, and Productivity in the Workplace: Problems and Prospects []


This paper explores the interrelationship between industrial disputes, collective bargaining, and workplace productivity. Industrial disputes, characterized by disagreement between employers and employees, often hinder productivity, thereby impacting economic progress. Collective bargaining, as a method of negotiation between parties, seeks to mitigate these disputes and foster a cooperative workplace environment. This study aims to identify the nature of industrial disputes, the role of collective bargaining in addressing these disputes, and the effect on workplace productivity. The findings suggest that while collective bargaining presents significant prospects for reducing disputes, barriers such as power dynamics and economic fluctuations remain.

Planet size and star type shape the energy exoplanets get, guiding the hunt for habitable worlds! []


NASA's Kepler mission, designed to identify Earth-sized planets within the habitable zones of their stars, has significantly advanced the search for potentially habitable worlds often referred to as ‘exoplanets’. This research aims to analyse that how do the stellar and orbital properties of exoplanets influence the amount of energy they receive from their stars usually known as Incident Stellar Flux (F) calculated relative to earth flux (F⊕). While searching for habitable worlds, some of the main factors that scientists consider are their distance from the star, the temperature they receive; this would potentially allow liquid water to form on a planet’s surface, planets size and other similar factors. Our study incorporates these variables to assess their impact on the habitability of exoplanets. Linear regression analysis was used on the NASA Kepler mission data, with Excel 2016 employed for the analysis to examine the connections between various exoplanetary features and the incident stellar flux they receive. Moreover, the findings indicate that stellar effective temperature, surface gravity and stellar radius significantly increase the stellar energy received by exoplanets. On the contrary, planetary radius has a dissimilar and a profoundly negative relation with the incident stellar flux; it suggests that larger planets may receive less energy. These findings provide substantial Clarity that which characteristics of exoplanet most affect their habitability. Therefore this information could be used to refine the criteria of the Kepler mission and other such missions in identifying potential habitability of exoplanets.

Effect of Business Regulations on the Economic Growth: Case of an Underdeveloped Economy []


Economic growth is a crucial factor for the survival of the countries. Still, it is observed that business organizations face many challenges and obstacles due to the stringent and complex regulations. The present study is conducted to investigate the relationship between business regulations and economic growth. The case of an underdeveloped economy is taken by using data from a world enterprise survey. A strong relationship was identified between economic growth and business regulations, findings show that the effect of business regulations can either result in high economic growth or a declining trend for growth. In addition to the barriers that are faced by firms after implementing business regulations, many other factors like corruption, literacy level, and infrastructure also contribute to slow progress or no economic growth. It is observed that formal firms become informal to avoid the adverse effects of business regulations. The study concludes that business regulations are a major determinant of economic growth, it is recommended that regulators formulate policies that will create an enabling environment for economic growth. Keywords: business regulations, corruption, economic growth, economic development, education

Fashion Design in Ancient Ages []


The researcher traces the form of clothing that prevailed in the prehistoric era through the Chinese, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. The researcher follows the descriptive analytical approach to the form of clothing in these civilizations and for different classes of society and does not forget the functional aspect of these clothes. Ancient societies viewed fashion as a sign of riches and high social standing. The researcher reached some results that enrich the research topic, as he found that the first and last goal of manufacturing and designing these clothes was not for the aesthetic aspect, but for the functional aspect, whether these functions were social, military, or climatic. For example, clothes in ancient Egypt were made from sheep wool, goat hair, and palm fronds. While Greek clothes were made of linen and wool, Roman clothes were an extension of Greek clothes and were characterized by the Toga and Picta. In contrast, Chinese clothes were characterized by silk, such as the Haifu. The researcher concluded that the clothing industry varied in form and function from one civilization to another and was subject to the cultural aspects of these civilizations. Keywords: Fashion Design, Ancient Ages, Ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient China.