Volume 13, Issue 2, February 2025 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication

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The Impact of Succession Planning to Overall Employees Relations: Case of Vodafone, Oman []


Succession planning plays a crucial role in modern human resource management, ensuring that leadership and talent remain within an organization. For Vodafone Oman, nurturing strong employee relations is crucial for promoting productivity and a positive work environment. This research has examined how structured succession planning can improve employee relations, boost engagement, and cultivate a strong organizational culture. By concentrating on Vodafone Oman, this study has explored a practical application within the Omani context, enhancing the understanding of how succession planning contributes to workplace harmony and stability. This research has collected primary data through survey questionnaires distributed to Vodafone's headquarters' HR departments, team leaders, and staff. Additionally, secondary data were gathered from literature published in the last five years. The research findings suggest that succession planning at Vodafone Oman significantly improves employee relations, with a large proportion of employees recognizing its beneficial effect on workplace interactions. Moreover, 63% of respondents noted that succession planning encourages collaboration among team members. Nevertheless, only 22% of employees stated that they regularly receive updates regarding career advancement opportunities, indicating a need for better communication. Succession planning is also crucial for retention, with 98% of participants expressing that it inspires them to stay with the organization. Employee engagement is positively affected, as 54% are satisfied and 17% are very satisfied with the engagement generated by these initiatives. Additionally, 80% of respondents reported enhanced retention as a result of succession planning efforts. Lastly, 31% believed that the organization’s succession planning aligns well with its long-term goals, emphasizing its strategic significance. Keywords: Employee Engagement, Employee Relations, Leadership, Succession Planning

Automating System Risk Identification for E-Government Project Management System using Agile Case Tool Scrum []


As e-government projects continue to evolve, the question arises as to whether the Risk Assessment Framework (RAF) for these initiatives can be effectively designed using Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools and techniques. E-government projects have become extremely dynamic, which, necessitates rapid responses methods to reduce risk assessment in projects. The integration of Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools and techniques in designing the Risk Assessment Framework (RAF) for e-government projects is a promising approach. A crucial aspect of this automation is the accuracy and trustworthiness of the system in predicting risks, taking into account factors such as errors in effort estimation and random developer issue assignment. By adopting CASE tools and developing e-government frameworks that are flexible enough to adapt to sudden changes in resources and requirements, governments can manage to reduce project costs and failures. Moreover, automating system risk identification in e-government project management systems is a crucial step towards enhancing project success. A crucial aspect of this automation is the accuracy and trustworthiness of the system in predicting risks, taking into account factors such as errors in effort estimation and random developer issue assignment. This could be beneficial to developing countries who are struggling to invest their time and resources and ensure that finances are channelled into priority projects that are managed using the risk assessment tools capable of reducing risk and monitor project risks and failures. The aim of this paper is to study Case tools using agile method Scrum to monitor and control risk assessment in e-government projects.

Evaluation of Profitability of Small Holders Cassava Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria []


This study investigated the evaluation of profitability of small holders’ cassava farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to; examine the socio economics characteristics of the cassava farmers in Ekiti State; determine the profitability of cassava production by small holder cassava farmers in the study area and evaluate the small holder cassava farmers’ rental market type in the study area. The population for this study was land rental smallholder cassava farmers and non-rental smallholder cassava farmers. The sample of the hundred and sixty (160) respondents were selected with multi-sampling procedure and data collected with a well-structured questionnaire. The study adopted Descriptive Statistics, Gross Margin and Endogenous Switching Regression Model to analyze the data collected. The result showed that average production capacity for rental farmers’ stood at 4641.87kg against 1582.36kg average production capacity for non-rental farmers, indicating that rental farmers gained up to 49.2% production capacity over non-rental farmers. The factors that were found to influence the choice for famers were household size, farming experience, fertilizer application and farm size while of the benefits of land renting system were gender, age, marital status, farming experience, access to credit loan, identification with association and cooperative society, family hired labour, herbicide, and farm size. The finding also revealed that land rental market system facilitates farmland utilization and land rentage significantly increase productivity. Result showed that land rentage significantly increased productivity. This difference represents increase in cassava productivity from rental farmers by 58.6%. It was concluded that, land rentage on cassava production was worthwhile as it was found to earn more profit and achieved higher productivity. It was recommended that farmers should be sensitized and encouraged to participate in land rental market to increase their cultivation. The farmer should be made aware of the benefits of renting land to increase their productivity.

INTEGRATION DE L’ANALYSE SWOT A L’ETUDE D’UNE MISSION D’AUDIT STRATEGIQUE : ESSAIE SUR UNE ENTREPRISE PUBLIQUE, « LA REGIDESO SA » []


Internal audit has the ability to adapt to activities according to their nature. The strategic management area uses SWOT analysis that strategic audit needs to integrate to cover the actual strategic risks at the planning plan for an error-free management in the verification phase.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Vertically Irregular R.C. Framed Buildings Connected or Tie Each Other Resting on Hill Slope []


An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of earth, which may be able to destroy major buildings, structures. As seen by historical events, Nepal has had a number of devastating earthquakes that have destroyed homes, claimed many lives, and damaged other types of personal property and that have been mostly caused by out dated and inadequately built structures. For protection of these structures from hazardous seismic effects, there is a most widely accepted and modern technique known as Connecting technique. Therefore, in our earthquake-prone nation, connecting techniques may be ad-vantageous as a safe and cost-effective method for both newly built and retrofitted structures. This study explores the effectiveness of Connecting system for the seismic protection of the buildings. In this study, G+2 and roof cover buildings on varying slope irregular and geometrically vertical irregular RC Building has been designed and analyzed according to IS: 1893:2002 Code for seismic analysis by (ETABS 20.18) software using response spectrum analysis and time history analysis. The reduction of story drift and story displacement in the building indicates more stability.

EARLY MARRIAGE OF TEENAGERS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL LIVED EXPERIENCED []


Early Marriage of teenager is a marriage of one man and one woman who do not meet the age of majority [18 years old]. Early marriage of teenagers is a global issue that reaches the socially divides multicultural societies worldwide. The causes and effects of Early Marriage of Teenager in Siloo Malitbog Bukidnon, Mindanao Philippines may become an eye-opener. Ethnographic & anecdotal methods aided by the thematic approach were utilized during the conversation, interview and FGD of the ten (10) early marriage teenager participants (5 girls and 5 boys) within eighteen (18) months. Siloo was chosen as peculiar locale were age-group; educational challenges; geographic landscape; economic and financial challenges; parenting and responsible parenthood which reflect the socially divides community. Inform results may help community awareness programs, economic support and culturally challenged. Findings revealed very high on geographically and socio-culturally embedded and constructed norms and practices. And, very high need for social and government support system.

PREGNANT MOTHER ITS PHENOMENOLOGICAL LIVED EXPERIENCED WITH THE TRADITIONAL FILIPINO 'QUACK' PRACTITIONERS []


The phenomenological experience on the pregnant mother practicing the Filipino tradition on 'Pagpahilot' [rubbing for body healing] into maternal healthcare services in Malitbog, Bukidnon, Mindanao Philippines. The quack doctor and its practices; economic disadvantage; distance to travel; culturally embedded tradition and practices; and the interfaith and belief system practiced by the people were studied during the pregnancy period then course thru the birthing of the child. Scientific validation was made by lying Inn birthing in-charge of the Malitbog, Bukidnon, Mindanao Philippines. The qualitative purposive methods were utilized to understand the safety, efficacy, and the culturally practiced imbedded in the medical herbal remedies of sambong, guyabano, and guava leaves used during pregnancy period. Aided with the ethnographic anecdotal recording revealed a highly traditionally practiced faith healer magis, highlighted the consistency, safety and efficacy on the medically herb treatment made by the 'quack' doctor practitioners. It is seen that the quack doctor has an extraordinary power possessed and acquired using the herbs as “instrumentalis causa” [instrument of the cause] to medicate and heal the pregnant mother.

Deepfakes- Serious threat in context of India []


Deepfake technology, powered by artificial intelligence (AI), can create highly realistic but fake videos and images. This poses a serious threat to law, society, and national security. In India, deepfakes are being used for cybercrimes, online harassment, blackmail, and spreading false information. These AI-generated media challenge the authenticity of truth, disrupt legal proceedings, and endanger national stability. As deepfakes become more sophisticated, they threaten people’s rights, weaken democracy, and complicate law enforcement. Author’s Opinion Author Rajesh J Ovhal stated, "The future of AI will be shaped by the mental state of human beings, who hold the power to make it responsible, destructive, or progressive." This quote highlights that AI is a double-edged sword. If used responsibly, it can be beneficial; if misused, it can cause harm. The key issue is how Indian laws and the judiciary can counter the dangers of deepfakes while ensuring AI’s ethical use for progress. Deepfake technology is widely misused in crimes such as identity theft, financial fraud, and political manipulation. Women are particularly vulnerable to deepfake-based harassment, making online safety and privacy major concerns. While Indian laws like the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (2023), address cybercrimes, they struggle to keep up with deepfake-related offenses. Courts face challenges in verifying the authenticity of digital evidence, raising doubts about its reliability. Without proper verification methods, deepfakes can easily mislead legal authorities. Deepfakes also threaten national security by spreading fake news, influencing elections, and creating political instability. Many countries, including the U.S., the European Union, and China, have enacted laws to combat deepfake threats. However, India still lacks a dedicated legal framework to address deepfake-related crimes, making law enforcement efforts ineffective. One of the biggest legal hurdles is determining whether a video or image is real or fake. Indian courts rely on the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, which was not designed to handle AI-generated content. Without advanced forensic tools, it becomes difficult to trust digital evidence. Blockchain technology offers a potential solution by making digital records tamper-proof and ensuring authenticity. If courts integrate blockchain-based verification systems, they can improve the credibility of digital evidence and prevent manipulation. This paper also analyses Indian and global case laws related to deepfakes. Cases like Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2019) and Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) reflect the Indian judiciary’s approach to digital rights and privacy. Internationally, cases like Deepfake Pornography Victim v. Unknown Perpetrator (UK, 2020) and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission’s action against AI-manipulated fraud highlight how courts are adapting to AI-driven misinformation. These cases emphasize the urgent need for India to implement strong legal measures against deepfake-related offenses. To combat deepfakes effectively, this study recommends introducing stricter laws, improving cyber law enforcement, and using blockchain-based verification for digital content. Public awareness campaigns should educate people about deepfake threats, and law enforcement agencies must be equipped with advanced AI detection tools. A balanced approach is needed to counter deepfakes while protecting fundamental rights and ensuring responsible technology use. As AI evolves, the way humans choose to use it will determine whether it becomes a tool for innovation or a weapon of deception.

Représentation du recrutement des chefs des sous-divisions de l’éducation par le personnel(Enquête menée dans les sous- divisions de l’éducation en milieu urbain et rural de la Province de la Tshopo en R.D.C de 2017 à 2024) []


The establishment of heads of Education Sub-Divisions must take into account meritocracy which is the objective criterion. This study demonstrates that the fact under study in the subdivisions was essentially based on informal criteria including political and tribal recommendations. In this study, we explained our hypotheses based on theories of representation explained by Trognon -1991) and systemic model theory explained by Maillet (1993). The population and sample; the method and instrument for collecting data and processing and processing study data. The research targets the population affected by the implementation in Kisangani 1 and Ubundu 3 subdivisions. The questionnaire allowed us to collect data and the data collected was analyzed using content analysis for the open part of the questionnaire. For closed items using tallying the appearance of responses. This is after weighting the responses in accordance with the rating systems used. The scores obtained were subjected to the chi-square test of independence. To apply all these techniques we used the Spss software package version 20

Rationalité d'auto productivité comme alternative au développement de l’Afrique []


Every wise mind who arrives in Africa wonders, for what purpose do its natural riches serve? In other words, where do the gold, copper, oil, cobalt, coffee, cocoa, etc. from the Black Continent go? In view of these questions, the general observation is that Africa still remains dependent on the West in almost all areas of development, because it has not yet achieved autonomy in terms of industrialization. African rationality seems not to innovate and create enough for its consumption. It imports more than it exports. This is why we appeal to the great sense of self-productivity, because we cannot develop by importing more from the outside. This is the opportunity that we grant to the development of the African continent. Keywords, keywords: rationality- self-productivity-development

Contribution de la traçabilité à la relance de l'agriculture dans le bassin de production agricole du département de la Lékié (Centre-Cameroun) []


Avec la mondialisation¸ les produits issus de l'agriculture parcourent des milliers de kilomètres et sont vendus à l'international en grande quantité ; d’où les risques d'épidémies et de crises liées à la salubrité des aliments. En 2016¸ le Cameroun a identifié cinq maladies zoonotiques prioritaires, après l'épidémie d'Ebola en Afrique de l'Ouest. Entre 2020 et 2024¸ la liste est passée à dix maladies à savoir : la tuberculose bovine¸ la grippe aviaire, la variole du singe, la rage, l'anthrax, Ebola/Marburg, la salmonellose, la fièvre de lassa, la trypanosomiase et la brucellose. Ces maladies, qui touchent aussi bien le milieu urbain que rural, ont un impact négatif sur la production agricole. Une des conséquences directes de ces maladies est la perte de confiance des consommateurs envers les produits agricoles. Au Cameroun, le premier plan d’ajustement structurel, adopté en juillet 1997, visait essentiellement à rétablir dans le pays, à moyen terme, un taux de croissance positif et à améliorer les indicateurs sociaux les plus essentiels. Mais contre toutes attentes, la mise en œuvre des mesures économiques a eu des incidences négatives sur l’économie du Cameroun et sur la vie de la population urbaine et rurale. Elle a largement contribué à l’aggravation du chômage, surtout dans les villes ; à la diminution des revenus des travailleurs urbains et, par ricochet, ceux des producteurs ruraux. Combinée avec la chute brutale des cours du cacao, cette situation a entrainé un appauvrissement des populations urbaines et rurales avec pour conséquences une dégradation prononcée de leur condition d’existence. Comme la baisse des cours du cacao, elle a déclenché, chez les paysans du département de la Lékié, des réflexes de survie et de redressement économique basés sur la recherche des solutions, à court et surtout à long terme, comme le développement des cultures vivrières et maraichères. Le but de cet article est de montrer comment, à l'aide des outils de traçabilité¸ on peut réussir à rendre transparente la production agricole. L’usage de ces derniers permettrait de mieux la commercialiser ; et, par ricochet, il faciliterait la relance de l'agriculture dans ce département. Au plan méthodologique, la démonstration des résultats est effectuée à partir des données primaires et secondaires obtenues à l’aide des outils d’enquête et des images satellites Landsat. Ces résultats relèvent que la traçabilité est, à la fois, un outil de gestion des risques¸ de visualisation détaillée de l'environnement¸ de restitution spatiale des données sous forme de carte¸ une stratégie de différenciation du marché¸ un élément requis pour faire des affaires à l’étranger¸ une mémoire pour le futur et enfin un outil de gestion agricole. Mots-clés :Contribution¸ traçabilité¸ agriculture¸ bassin de production agricole¸ Lékié

DIALOGUE INTERCOMMUNAUTAIRE COMME MOTEUR DU PROCESSUS DE DEVELOPPEMENT LOCAL AU NORD-KIVU: Analyse des conflits et mécanismes de leur résolution. []


The Great Lakes region in general has been plagued by political instability, long wars and repetitive conflicts for more than 20 years. The succession of these crises has led to catastrophic consequences resulting in loss of human life, involuntary displacement of populations, destruction of basic infrastructure (such as schools and hospitals) and the disorganization of economic circuits. The need to overcome these conflicts requires the use of appropriate mechanisms, including inter-community dialogue, which can strengthen the links between these communities who look at each other like a fool even though they are condemned to live together. Keywords: Intercommunity dialogue, Conflict resolution, Social cohesion, Local development, Armed group.

Rôle et implication des acteurs dans la gestion des déchets plastiques dans l’arrondissement de Yaoundé III []


The volume of a plastic waste produced in cameroon has increased dramatically in recent decades due accelerated urbanization. This study, whose subject is « role and involvement of stakeholders in management of plastic waste in the dictrict of yaoundé III » was conduced with the aim of identifying the stakeholders and logics at work in management of plastic waste in yaoundé 3. We started from the hypothesis that : the analysis of the logics of stakeholders and the contraints they face in the management of plastic waste in a prerequisite for the identification of bottlenecks and the reorientation of practices. Indeed, it appears that the district of yaoundé 3, due to the strong population growth and the multiplicity of activitiesconsuming plastic products, offers a favorable framework for the production of plastic waste. Faced with thismassive production of plastic waste, a plurality of stakeholders interve in the management. These actors are made up of administratve actors such as MINEPDED, MINDHU, MINSANTE, MINAT, MINADER. Private actors are made up of structures such as HYSACAM, TAM TAM Mobile, GIC le Vert, CIPRE, NAME as well as the population themselves. The management of this waste involves their transformation and recycling into reusable products, or even their direct reuse. Keywords : Urban environment, management, pollution, actor logic, plastic waste.

SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION OF MEYAL OIL FIELD BY USING SEISMIC DATA, NORTHERN POTWAR REGION OF PAKISTAN []


The research focuses on the subsurface structural interpretation of the Meyal Oil Field which is one of the most important hydrocarbons producing fields in the Northern Potwar area of Pakistan using seismic interpretation techniques through the Kingdom Software, the study aims to unravel the geological structure and tectonics of the region. The seismic lines i.e., dip and strike lines, provide valuable insights into the structural complexities, including thrust faults, pop-up structures, and the presence of hydrocarbon traps.

THE KORTEWEG–DE VRIES EQUATION: THE STARTING-POINT OF GROSS ERRORS IN PHYSICS []


The irrefutable proof of the incorrectness of the Korteweg–De Vries (KdV) equation is proposed. The correct methodological basis for the proof is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is the only correct criterion of truth. The proof leads to the following irrefutable statement: the Korteweg–De Vries (KdV) equation – a partial differential equation with respect to the dimensionless displacement as the function of the dimensionless coordinate and the dimensionless time – represents an incorrect equation in physics. The proof of this statement is based on the following irrefutable assertions: (1) the Korteweg-de Vries equation does not describe a physical phenomenon (process) because the dimensionless displacement, the dimensionless coordinate and the dimensionless time are non-physical quantities; (2) in the formal logical point of view, the physical (or geometric) interpretation of the equation and solutions of the equation are inadmissible; (3) comparison with experimental data (which have dimensions) is inadmissible (impossible). Consequently, the Korteweg-de Vries equation is a gross error in physics.

ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ATTITUDE OF WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE TOWARD FAMILY PLANNING (A CASE STUDY OF DUTSE GENERAL HOSPITAL, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA []


Family planning is essential for improving maternal and child health outcomes, yet its utilization remains low in many parts of Nigeria due to socio-cultural and educational barriers. This study examines the factors influencing attitudes and utilization of family planning among women of childbearing age in Dutse General Hospital, Jigawa State. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 195 women aged 15–49 years using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0, and results were presented using descriptive statistics. The socio-demographic data revealed that the majority of respondents were between 25–34 years (41.0%), with 35.9% having attained secondary education and 76.9% being married. Despite high awareness of family planning (87.2%), only 51.3% had ever used any contraceptive method, and 41.0% were current users. The most commonly known contracep-tive methods were injectables (71.8%), oral contraceptives (61.5%), and condoms (66.7%). However, multiple barriers hindered utili-zation, with fear of side effects (35.9%), religious and cultural opposition (25.6%), and husband/partner disapproval (23.1%) being the most significant concerns. Additionally, 76.9% of respondents agreed that family planning is essential for maternal and child health. These findings are in line with previous studies indicating that sociocultural beliefs, education level, and male partner influence significantly impact contraceptive uptake. Addressing these barriers requires a multi-faceted approach, including targeted health education, increased male involvement, and community engagement through religious and cultural leaders. Ensuring accessible, affordable, and culturally acceptable family planning services is critical for improving reproductive health outcomes in Dutse and similar communities. Future research should focus on intervention-based strategies to overcome these barriers and enhance contraceptive acceptance.

Assessment of Dietary Intake and Anaemic Status of Geriatric Living in Unguwan Kanawa Community of Bauchi Local Government Area []


The geriatric population face health challenges due to age-related physiological changes, making them more susceptible to anemia. This condition restricts oxygen delivery to vital organs, leading to fatigue, cognitive decline, and increased mortality risk. This study examines the effects of dietary intervention on anemia status and nutrient intake among participants. This cross-sectional study assessed the diet, anaemia prevalence, and related factors in 65 older adults from Unguwan Kanawa. Data were collected through dietary recalls before and after a nutrition intervention, blood tests for anaemia, and questionnaires on socio-demographics and health. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate changes in diet and anaemia status. A significant increase in the average daily intake of key nutrients, such as iron and vitamin C, was observed, with iron consumption rising from 8.2 mg to 15.3 mg (p < 0.001) and vitamin C increasing from 40.5 mg to 70.2 mg (p < 0.001). Additionally, protein intake showed a significant increase from 42.1 g to 48.3 g (p = 0.03), while total energy intake rose from 1500 kcal to 1800 kcal (p = 0.04). A marked reduction in the prevalence of anemia was recorded following the dietary intervention, with the number of anaemic individuals decreasing from 40 (61.5%) to 30 (46.2%, p = 0.02). These findings underscore the effectiveness of dietary changes in improving nutritional health and combating anemia. The results support the necessity for targeted dietary interventions in vulnerable populations, stress the pivotal role of nutrition in public health strategies to address anemia. Keywords: Anaemia, Bauchi, Dietary Intake, intervention, Kanawa

POLICE PRESENCE 24/7: AN ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF P.R.O.T.E.C.T. BOX PROGRAM []


ABSTRACT This study assessed the implementation of P.R.O.T.E.C.T. Box program in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, a law enforcement initiative aimed at enhancing police visibility, improving police community relations, and reducing crime. The program, modeled after Japan’s Koban system, seeks to establish strategic police outpost in high-traffic and high-crime areas to provide immediate response and deter criminal activity. Using a mixed-method explanatory design, this study gathered data from Brgy. 4, Brgy. 11, Brgy. 14, Brgy. 22, and Brgy. 47 which where the program is located through surveys and interviews. Results indicate that the program significantly improves public perception of safety, fosters trust between the community and law enforcement, and serves as an effective deterrent against crime. Findings show that the citizens have great appreciation to the program in terms of crime reduction and police public relations. However, the study identified three issues such as the insufficient P.R.O.T.E.C.T. Boxes, only five units in Laoag City, which is inadequate to cover all barangays. Additionally, there is a lack of police personnel; despite the limited number of units, police personnels remains insufficient to ensure consistent presence at these outposts. Furthermore, many residents are unaware of the full range of services provided by the P.R.O.T.E.C.T. Box due to inadequate information dissemination. The findings indicate that the P.R.O.T.E.C.T. Box program plays a vital role in crime deterrence and community policing, but recommends further expansion, increased police personnel to more populated or more crime prone areas and wider dissemination of the program’s objectives and services. These findings provide valuable insights to policymakers and law enforcement agencies seeking to optimize police presence and improve community safety strategies.

Éducation Environnementale et Gestion des Déchets Solides En Milieu Scolaire « cas de l’Institut Pédagogique Mokengeli de Lemba à Kinshasa-RDC » []


Résumé La gestion des déchets pose problème dans tous les secteurs d’activités humaines et ces dits déchets sont au cœur de la problématique environnementale. Soucieux de la préservation de l’environnement, l’État congolais par le biais du Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Technique a mis dans le programme national des cours relatifs à la conservation de la nature ou de l’environnement, notamment celui de géographie. Malgré ce programme de cours, la gestion des déchets en milieu scolaire se fait de manière inappropriée. Ainsi, l’Institut Pédagogique Mokengeli de Lemba est victime d’insalubrité dans les salles de classe, de professeurs et dans la cour scolaire. L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser les systèmes de gestion des déchets solides dans ledit Institut. La méthode basée sur la revue de la littérature, l’enquête sur terrain et l’observation directe ainsi que, l’inventaire de l’existant nous a permis collecter les données. Les résultats ont démontré que, 100 % des salles de classe ne disposent pas de matériels de collecte des déchets. Le petit panier, soit 80%, et des seaux en plastique de grande taille soit 20%, ont été les plus utilisés, alors par manque de bac à ordures, la collecte des déchets se fait à ciel ouvert dans des différents coins de l’école, provoquant ainsi une dégradation environnementale. L’absence d’une sensibilisation de masse relative à la conservation de la nature ou de l’environnement, laisse des empreintes de dégradation dans ce milieu scolaire. Mots clés : gestion des déchets solides, récolte, sensibilisation, poubelle, insalubrité, dégradation, environnement.

A critical review of the problem of Missing Mass []


The present communication proposes to undertake a review of the problem dark matter with a purpose to investigate and understand the mysteries connected with origin, evolution, formation, nature, content and ultimate fate of the entire universe at large and the composition of matter in the universe in particular. Both the observational evidences and the experimental findings have confirmed that dark matter is broadly composed of Baryonic Matter (i.e. ordinary matter) and Non-Baryonic Matter, which is further divide into Hot Dark Matter (HDM) and Cold Dark Matter (CDM). The present communication attempts to underline the details of these contents of dark matter including the implications connected with the concepts of dark energy, responsible for the accelerating pace of the universe's ongoing expansion and flat geometry. The importance of the cosmological constant in reference to dark energy has also been brought home. Keywords: Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Cosmological Constant.